In the presence of risky debt, manager’s incentives change from refusing to accept projects with more risk (risk-shifting) and rejecting less (risk-avoidance). Managers all level confidence produce different biases behavior about uncertainty. The paper aims analyze influence debt asset ratio (DAR) managers’ overconfidence on business risk. After extremely censored data 10 percent above, type po...

This paper extends the certificateless public key infrastructure model that was proposed by Hassouna et al by proposing new digital signature scheme to provide true non-repudiation, the proposed signature scheme is short and efficient, it is also has strength point that the KGC has no contribution in signature generation/verification process, therefore any compromise of the KGC does not affect ...

Electronic signatures replace handwritten signatures in electronic processes. In this context, non-repudiation is one of the most desired properties – yet in practice it cannot be provided by the signature schemes themselves. Therefore, additional mechanisms in the underlying public key infrastructure are required. In this work, we present a formal treatment of that issue. We extend the formal ...

The lack of security obstructs a large scale deployment of the multicast communication model. Therefore, a host of research works have been achieved in order to deal with several issues relating to securing the multicast, such as confidentiality, authentication, non-repudiation, integrity and access control. Many applications require authenticating the source of the received traffic, such as br...

In Vehicular Ad-hoc networks are networks of communication between vehicles and roadside units and inter vehicle units. It can be used to provide traffic management, route planning, and identifying roadside units using short-range wireless communication. This network has the potential to increase safety system and it can provide many services to drivers, but they also present risks to privacy a...