The decrease in tissue hypoxia obtained with Hyperbaric Oxygenation (HBO2)counteracts the effects of reflex vasomotor disturbances caused by an injury in posttraumatic Sudeck's syndrome. In reflex sympathetic dystrophy, after an initial vasospasm, a loss of vascular tone with persistent vasodilatation. Causes increased osseous vascularity and rapid bone resorption. Chronic edema results from ve...

A bioanalytical HPLC method with UV detection for the determination of the antiepileptic drug valproic acid in human saliva has been developed and validated. Saliva represents an alternative matrix for therapeutic monitoring of antiepileptic drugs due to the increasing interest in free drug concentration. The proposed method involved solid-phase extraction for sample preparation and yielded ver...

Ipsilateral invasion of the cervical sympathetic plexus, leading to Horner's syndrome (miosis, enophthalmos, ptosis) in 14-50% of patients [2] . Ipsilateral reflex sympathetic dystrophy in the arm, with enhanced sensitivity to touch, and skin changes. Shoulder and arm pain (from the brachial plexus invasion C8-T1) with wasting of the intrinsic hand muscles and paraesthesiae in the medial side o...

Ipsilateral invasion of the cervical sympathetic plexus, leading to Horner's syndrome (miosis, enophthalmos, ptosis) in 14-50% of patients [2] . Ipsilateral reflex sympathetic dystrophy in the arm, with enhanced sensitivity to touch, and skin changes. Shoulder and arm pain (from the brachial plexus invasion C8-T1) with wasting of the intrinsic hand muscles and paraesthesiae in the medial side o...

To define Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy (RSD) one should understand the terminology of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. There are two different types of nervous systems controlling the body. One is the so-called "somatic" nervous system which has clear-cut anatomical structures and is controlled by the cerebral cortex (cerebral hemispheres) in a relatively volitional manner. We s...

Ipsilateral invasion of the cervical sympathetic plexus, leading to Horner's syndrome (miosis, enophthalmos, ptosis) in 1450% of patients [2] . Ipsilateral reflex sympathetic dystrophy in the arm, with enhanced sensitivity to touch, and skin changes. Shoulder and arm pain (from the brachial plexus invasion C8-T1) with wasting of the intrinsic hand muscles and paraesthesiae in the medial side of...

Reflex sympathetic dystrophy is an excessive or abnormal response of the sympathetic nervous system in an extremity to an injury or other condition. The authors describe a 37-year-old man who experienced constant pain and vasomotor instability in both feet after nontraumatic rhabdomyolysis secondary to smoking heroin. Three-phase bone scintigraphy was performed and revealed significantly increa...

Reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) is a complex syndrome with a plethora of signs and symptoms that vary, both among individuals and with the progression of the disease over time (1). Five clinical types of RSD are recognized, including minor causalgia, minor traumatic dystrophy, shoulder hand syndrome, major causalgia and major traumatic dystrophy. The term ‘causalgia’ (burning pain) is reserv...

We report a rare case of diffuse alteration of the vertebral bony structure fortuitously found in a 20-year-old patient and essentially characterized by an impressive "vertebra-within-vertebra" appearance. This aspect was found being the result of an unusual use of intravenous perfusions of biphosphonate (Pamidronate) during early adolescence for reflex sympathetic dystrophy after tibial fractu...