Reflectivity degradation of grazing-incident extreme ultraviolet (EUV) mirror samples by EUV exposure was investigated in a commercial XTS 13-35 EUV source. The roughness of EUV exposed samples increases with an increase in exposure time due to the erosion of sample surface by ions and neutrals, or deposition of contaminant such as carbon on the sample surface. While energetic debris certainly ...

This paper deals with the theoretical modeling of surface reflectance of acid textured multicrystalline wafer used in the processing of solar cell to minimize the surface reflectivity and there by enhancing the efficiency of the cell without wasting the wafers and time in optimizing the texturization process for the development of high efficiency solar cell. In the present study, texturization ...

Dual-polarimetric microwave wavelength radar observations of an apartment fire in Huntsville, Alabama, on 3 March 2008 are examined to determine the radar-observable properties of ash and fire debris lofted into the atmosphere. Dual-polarimetric observations are collected at close range (,20 km) by the 5-cm (C band) Advanced Radar for Meteorological and Operational Research (ARMOR) radar operat...

Consider the typical VCSEL structure in Figure 1. In this example, the gain region consists of three quantum wells placed in a onewavelength thick spacer region. On either side of the spacer region, there are extremely high reflectivity mirrors made from semiconductors that have total reflectivity greater than 99.5%. The mirrors are fabricated from altering material layers that are λ/4 thick to...

The reflectivity of ultracold neutron (UCN) guides produced with a dedicated technique called Replika has been studied. The guides are made of nickel, where the surface quality was copied from a glass layer. This results in a surface roughness smaller than 10 Å. The reflectivity was measured to be 99.9 % or higher. Those guides can be used at present or future UCN sources to transport UCN over ...