OBJECTIVE This paper proposes a mechanism by which socio-economic rehabilitation (SER) reduces stigma in northern Nigeria following are-analysis of the transcripts of interviews conducted to evaluate the impact of SER on leprosy-related stigma. DESIGN The evaluation combined quantitative questionnaire (P-scale) with qualitative interviews of 20 individuals affected by leprosy, five focus grou...

There is an ongoing debate about the credit card industry regarding how effective competition has been at reducing prices. Some experts argue that intense competition is clearly evident and leads to low prices that contain no excess profit. However, other experts find evidence both in price data and in market concentration that competition has failed. A model is presented here showing that if t...

The article examines the impact of message flaming on real life buying behavior. Customers of a credit card company who did not use the card for a three-month period received a communication explaining the benefits of the card. These benefits were explained either in terms of gains the customers could obtain from using the card or in terms of losses they could suffer flora not using it. Card us...

This paper argues that new computer, smartphone, and universal ID technologies are reducing the incentives for political clientelism in delivery of social programmes India, especially by allowing party leaders to bypass local brokers credit-claim better service politicians deliver programmatic much more efficiently than past, with fewer diversions. Politicians responding these changed incentive...

Multiagent systems have had a powerful impact on the real world. Many of the systems it studies (air traffic, satellite coordination, rover exploration) are inherently multi-objective, but they are often treated as single-objective problems within the research. A very important concept within multiagent systems is that of credit assignment: clearly quantifying an individual agent’s impact on th...

2 Abstract Correlated defaults have been an important area of research in credit risk analysis with the advent of a basket of credit derivatives. Even the simple credit derivatives should be considered a basket of two default risks since the bankruptcy risk of the derivative issuer is also a factor. Considering jumps in the asset value helps to model the surprise risk of default in a group of f...

This article examines the stratifying effects of economic classifications. We argue that in the neoliberal era market institutions increasingly use actuarial techniques to split and sort individuals into classification situations that shape life-chances. While this is a general and increasingly pervasive process, our main empirical illustration comes from the transformation of the credit market...

the credit portfolio management and the optimal credit portfolio selection are identified as one of the most effective factors in banks’ credit risk. two main strategies in this regard include diversification versus concentration. in this study, at first, the status of diversification of iran’s banking sector is analyzed, then the relationship between diversification of the credit portfolio and...

the letter of credit as a method of smoothing international payment is a conditional security and obligation to pay the customer bank (issuing bank) to seller (applicant). for this purpose, the letters of credit may be considered as the most usual method of payment of goods price in international trade. the classic form of letters of credit is the commercial letters of credit whose financial ob...

A general theory is developed to analyze the efficiency and income distribution effects of a biofuel consumer tax credit and the interaction effects with a price contingent farm subsidy. Using the U.S. ethanol market as a stylized example, ethanol prices rise above the gasoline price by the amount of the tax credit. Corn farmers therefore gain directly while gasoline consumers only gain from an...