In 1957, Scoville and Milner reported a series of case studies describing the nature of the memory defect they observed following bilateral surgical removals from the medial temporal region. The paper highlighted that extensive bilateral surgical excisions from the hippocampus and hippocampal gyrus resulted in severe and lasting memory loss; it also focused attention on these brain structures a...

Cognitive neuroscience approaches to memory attempt to elucidate the brain processes and systems that are involved in different forms of memory and learning. This paper examines recent research from brain-damaged patients and neuroimaging studies that bears on the distinction between explicit and implicit forms of memory. Explicit memory refers to conscious recollection of previous experiences,...

Recent studies of animals with complex nervous systems, including humans and other primates, have improved our understanding of how the brain accomplishes learning and memory. Major themes of recent work include the locus of memory storage, the taxonomy of memory, the distinction between declarative and procedural knowledge, and the question of how memory changes with time, that is, the concept...

It has been suggested that memories become more stable and less susceptible to the disruption of reconsolidation over weeks after learning. Here, we test this by targeting the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and test its involvement in the formation, consolidation, and reconsolidation of recent and remote contextual fear memory. We found that inhibiting NMDAR-NR2B activity disrupts memory forma...

results before boosting, among 176 boosted individuals, 75 (42.6%) had hbsab 10 iu/l and were considered seroprotected. among 101 serosusceptible persons, more than 80% of boosted individuals showed more than twofold increase in cytokines concentration, which meant positive hbsag-specific cell-mediated immunity. mcl of both cytokines after boosting in giv were decreased more than twofold, possi...

Ready-to-eat (RTE) food is characterised by a long shelf-life at refrigerated temperature and can be consumed as such, without any treatment. The aim of the work was to evaluate the presence of Listeria spp. and Listeria monocytogenes in RTEs collected from refrigerated vending machines placed in hospital environment and accessible to the hospitalised patients. In 4 different sampling, 55 RTEs ...

The population of naive T cells in the periphery is best described by determining both its T cell receptor diversity, or number of clonotypes, and the sizes of its clonal subsets. In this paper, we make use of a previously introduced mathematical model of naive T cell homeostasis, to study the fate and potential of naive T cell clonotypes in the periphery. This is achieved by the introduction o...

T lymphopoiesis in the thymus was thought to be completed once they reach the single positive (SP) stage, when they are "fully mature" and wait to be exported at random or follow a "first in-first out" manner. Recently, accumulating evidence has revealed that newly generated SP thymocytes undergo further maturation in the thymic medulla before they follow a tightly regulated emigrating process ...

Phylogenetic relationships between the known genera of the order Misophrioida permit the identi® cation of two lineages: one consisting of the family Misophriidae Brady, 1878 which comprises seven genera, and a new, monotypic family, the Palpophriidae Boxshall & Jaume, 1999; the other consisting of another new family, the SpeleophriidaeBoxshall & Jaume, 1999, comprising eight genera. Habitat ex...

The memory consistency model of a shared memory system determines the order in which memory operations will appear to execute to the programmer. The memory consistency model for a system typically involves a tradeoff between performance and programmability. This paper provides an overview of recent advances in hardware optimizations, compiler optimizations, and programming environments relevant...