We consider the state price densities that are implicit in financial asset prices. In the pricing of an option, the state price density is proportional to the second derivative of the option pricing function and this relationship together with no arbitrage principle imposes restrictions on the pricing function such as monotonicity and convexity. Since the state price density is a proper density...

Let Xt be any d-dimensional continuous process that takes values in an open connected domain O in R. In this paper, we give equivalent formulations of the conditional full support CFS property ofXt inO. We use them to show that the CFS property of X inO implies the existence of a martingaleM under an equivalent probability measure such thatM lies in the > 0 neighborhood of Xt for any given unde...

Private sector research and development (R&D) in food processing has seen a growing share of agricultural R&D. This paper analyzes market and technological links between farmer-entrepreneurs and food processing firms. It is shown that processing sector R&D tends to display explosive cycles. To avoid explosive cycles, the processing sector sets the R&D growth path and its target. Dynamic adjustm...

We consider a decentralized market for an asset (or durable good) where investors’ valuations are heterogeneous and drawn from an arbitrary distribution. We provide a full characterization of the equilibrium, in closed form, both in and out of steady state. We find that investors with moderate valuations tend to specialize in intermediation, so that a “core-periphery” trading network emerges en...

This paper uses support vector machines (SVM) based learning algorithm to select important variables that help explain the realtime peak electricity price in the Ontario market. The Ontario market was opened to competition only in May 2002. Due to the limited number of observations available, finding a set of variables that can explain the independent power market of Ontario (IMO) real-time pea...

Numerous microscopic models [1] for price fluctuations on stock or currency markets have been invented within the last decade [2, 3] in the physics literature. An alternative are more phenomenological differential equations for the price itself [4, 5, 6, 7, 8], with some noise as in Langevin equations. The present note follows Sornette and Ide [5] but uses a complex instead of a real variable. ...

This paper discussed the impact of higher oil prices on the Pakistan’s economy during 1990 to 2008. Pakistan is not oil producing rather oil-importing country. An increase in oil price leads to inflation, increase budget deficit and puts downward pressure on exchange rate which makes imports more expensive. The rising oil prices are the major concern for all the developing economies and Pakista...

How does a boundedly rational optimizing agent make decisions? Can such an agent learn to behave rationally? We address these questions in a standard regulator environment. Our behavioral primitive is anchored to the shadow price of the state vector. The regulator forecasts the value of an additional unit of the state tomorrow, and uses this forecast to choose her control. The value of the cont...

today, stock investment has become an important mean of national finance. apparently, it is significant for investors to estimate the stock price and select the trading chance accurately in advance, which will bring high return to stockholders. in the past, long-term trading processes and many technical analysis methods for stock market were put forward. however, stock market is a nonlinear sys...

Abstract In this study, we applied recently developed panel unit root and cointegration techniques to examine the long-run real income per capita and price elasticities for demand of electricity in selected Middle East and North African (MENA) countries using an annual data series from 1990 to 2011.Our main finding from the panel analysis is that the demand for electricity is highly price ela...