Electricity is so basic to the world economy that certain electricity indices are used to express a country's economic standing (consumption or production of electricity per capita) and the standard of living enjoyed by a people (per capita electricity consumption in the domestic sector). Moreover, electricity supply has special characteristics which make the service unique as compared to other...

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Within the electric power literature the transmission expansion planning problem (TNEP) refers to the problem of how to upgrade an electric power network to meet future demands. As this problem is a complex, non-linear, and non-convex optimization problem, researchers have traditionally focused on approximate models of power flows. Existing approaches are often tightly coupled to the approximat...

In recent years, the water distribution expansion planning (WDEP) problem has become increasingly complex as the demands on water distribution systems have evolved to meet modern requirements. This paper describes an algorithm that combines the strengths of local search with global search to flexibly handle these difficult problems. The algorithm decomposes a WDEP problem into sub problems usin...

The increasing consumption of electricity over time forces different countries to establishnew power plants and transmission lines. There are various crisp single-objective mathematicalmodels in the literature for the long-term power generation and transmission expansion planning tohelp the decision makers to make more reasonable decisions. But, in practice, most of the parametersassociated wit...

In this paper, a framework is presented to solve the problem of multistage distribution system expansion planning in which installation and/or reinforcement of substations, feeders and distributed generation units are taken into consideration as possible solutions for system capacity expansion. The proposed formulation considers investment, operation, and outage costs of the system. The expansi...

Opponent behavior in today's computer games is often the result of a static set of Artificial Intelligence (AI) behaviors or a fixed AI script. While this ensures that the behavior is reasonably intelligent, it also results in very predictable behavior. This can have an impact on the replayability of entertainment-based games and the educational value of training-based games. This paper propose...

GSA; Real power loss; Reactive power planning; FACTS; Optimization Abstract In this paper, Gravitational Search Algorithm (GSA) is used as optimization method in reactive power planning using FACTS (Flexible AC transmission system) devices. The planning problem is formulated as a single objective optimization problem where the real power loss and bus voltage deviations are minimized under diffe...