RAS is frequently mutated in human cancers and has opposing effects on autophagy and tumorigenesis. Identifying determinants of the cellular responses to RAS is therefore vital in cancer research. Here, we show that autophagic activity dictates the cellular response to oncogenic RAS. N-terminal Apoptosis-stimulating of p53 protein 2 (ASPP2) mediates RAS-induced senescence and inhibits autophagy...

This review discusses our current understanding of the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) pathway and how it functionally intersects with Ras signaling in cancer. The Ras family of small GTPases are frequently mutated in cancer. The role of the SUMO pathway in cancer and in Ras signaling is currently not well understood. Recent studies have shown that the SUMO pathway can both regulate Ras/MA...

Background—Reactive oxygen species play a critical role in inducing apoptosis. The small GTPase p21 Ras and the ERK1/2 MAPK have been proposed as key regulators of the signaling cascade triggered by oxidative stress (H2O2). Harvey-Ras (Ha-Ras) and Kirsten-Ras (Ki-Ras) isoforms are so far functionally indistinguishable, because they activate the same downstream effectors, including ERK1/2. Moreo...

BACKGROUND Reactive oxygen species play a critical role in inducing apoptosis. The small GTPase p21 Ras and the ERK1/2 MAPK have been proposed as key regulators of the signaling cascade triggered by oxidative stress (H2O2). Harvey-Ras (Ha-Ras) and Kirsten-Ras (Ki-Ras) isoforms are so far functionally indistinguishable, because they activate the same downstream effectors, including ERK1/2. Moreo...

Ras proteins are crucial players in differentiation and oncogenesis and constitute important drug targets. The localization and activity of Ras proteins are highly dependent on posttranslational modifications at their C-termini. In addition to an isoprenylated cysteine, H-Ras, but not other Ras proteins, possesses two cysteine residues (C181 and C184) in the C-terminal hypervariable domain that...

BACKGROUND Alterations in gene splicing occur in human sporadic colorectal cancer (CRC) and may contribute to tumour progression. The K-ras proto-oncogene encodes two splice variants, K-ras 4A and 4B, and K-ras activating mutations which jointly affect both isoforms are prevalent in CRC. Past studies have established that splicing of both the K-ras oncogene and proto-oncogene is altered in CRC ...

Mutations of the N- and K-ras genes are the most frequent genetic aberrations in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and their detection in preleukemic conditions such as the myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) suggests a role in the earliest phases of leukemogenesis. Despite these observations, little is known about the clinical importance of ras mutations in AML. We studied the clinical impact of ras mut...

BACKGROUND Ras GTPases are considered cytoplasmic proteins that must be localized to cell membranes for activation, and there are few evidences of the presence of any Ras isoform in nuclei of eukaryotic cells. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Using conventional antibodies and inmunocytochemistry, differential centrifugation and western blot, we have observed the putative presence of K-Ras isofo...

Endoglin is a coreceptor for transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) that acts as a suppressor of malignancy during mouse skin carcinogenesis. Because in this model system H-Ras activation drives tumor initiation and progression, we have assessed the effects of endoglin on the expression of H-Ras in transformed keratinocytes. We found that TGF-β1 increases the expression of H-Ras at both messenger...

introduction: the aim of this study was to evaluate the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (nlr), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (plr), and mean platelet volume (mpv) in patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis (ras).   materials and methods: eighty patients who were diagnosed with ras between january 2014 and january 2016 were included in this study. eighty age- and gender-matched healthy subject...