An observer's knowledge of a moving target's direction and velocity enhances detectability. In addition, knowledge of direction and velocity speeds an observer's reaction to the motion of a previously stationary target. Since rival, nonperceptual hypotheses can be ruled out, these effects represent a direct modulation of vision by mental set.

Walking time prediction aims to deduce waiting time and travel time for passengers and provide a quantitative basis for the subway schedule management. This model is founded based on transfer passenger flow and type of pedestrian facilities. Chaoyangmen station in Beijing was taken as the learning set to obtain the relationship between transfer walking speed and passenger volume. The sectional ...

Courtship behaviours allow animals to interact and display their qualities before committing to reproduction. In fly courtship, the female decides whether or not to mate and is thought to display receptivity by slowing down to accept the male. Very little is known on the neuronal brain circuitry controlling female receptivity. Here we use genetic manipulation and behavioural studies to identify...

We present a minimal physical model for the flagellar motor that enables bacteria to swim. Our model explains the experimentally measured torque-speed relationship of the proton-driven E. coli motor at various pH and temperature conditions. In particular, the dramatic drop of torque at high rotation speeds (the "knee") is shown to arise from saturation of the proton flux. Moreover, we show that...

A recent study has revealed that different populations of commissural spinal interneurons ensure limb alternation at different speeds of locomotion.

Many introduced species engage in intraguild predation (IGP), the consumption of species with which they compete for shared resources. While the factors influencing local persistence of IG predator and prey species are well-understood, using these factors to predict the invasion speed of an introduced IG predator has received less attention. Existing theory predicts that native competitors slow...

The aim of this study was to assess postural response efficiency to a self-initiated perturbation using an original method based on the inverted pendulum model. Eight young subjects were asked to perform bilateral arm raising and lowering at 3 different speeds while standing on a force plate. The time necessary to recover a steady state following the movement was computed by analyzing the time ...

It is shown that a trick introduced by H. R.Thieme [6] to study a one-species integral equation model with a nonmonotone operator can be used to show that some multispecies reaction-diffusion systems which are cooperative for small population densities but not for large ones have a spreading speed. The ideas are explained by considering a model for the interaction between ungulates and grassland.

In the Kappa effect, two visual stimuli are given, and their spatial distance affects their perceived temporal interval. The classical model assumes constant speed while a competing Bayesian model assumes a slow speed prior. The two models are based on different assumptions about the statistical structure of the environment. Here we introduce a new visual experiment to distinguish between these...