Lead (Pb) levels were measured in roadside surface soils, dust particles and rain water samples from the urban cities of Enugu, Awka, Onitsha, Nnewi, Aba, Port Harcourt and Warri in Southern Nigeria in 2007 and 2008. Samples were collected during the dry season, while rain water samples were collected during the early rain (April-June), mid rain (July-August) and late rain seasons (September-Oc...

Empirical policy research often focuses on causal inference. Since policy choices seem to depend on understanding the counterfactual–what happens with and without a policy–this tight link of causality and policy seems natural. While this link holds in many cases, we argue that there are also many policy applications where causal inference is not central, or even necessary. Consider two toy exam...

low cereal and legumes yields and their rwp index are mainly due to poor distribution of rainfall and poor agronomic management practices. rainfed barley yield and rain water productivity (rwp, defined as rainfed grain yield divided by the total crop season annual rainfall water) in the dry farming are considerable by topography and latitude. yield data, rainfall, altitude and latitude of 182 p...

In this paper, a method for extracting wind parameters from rain-contaminated X-band nautical radar images is presented. The texture of the radar image is first generated based on spatial variability analysis. Through this process, the rain clutter in an image can be removed while the wave echoes are retained. The number of rain-contaminated pixels in each azimuthal direction of the texture is ...

An experiment has been conducted to evaluate micro scale site diversity (MSD) at Ahmedabad, a tropical site in India. Rain data is collected by a linear array of tipping bucket rain gauges during 2007 and 2008 monsoon periods. Spatial variation of rain fall has been studied with the help of joint probability and correlation coefficients derived for the collected data. The results support the ex...

Heavy rain deteriorates the video quality of outdoor imaging equipments. In order to improve video clearness, image-based and sensor-based methods are adopted for rain detection. In earlier literature, image-based detection methods fall into spatio-based and temporal-based categories. In this paper, we propose a new image-based method by exploring spatio-temporal united constraints in a Bayesia...

An experimental study of glacier ice detection in rain using X-band radar is presented. The radar data were collected in the Greenland Sea region in August 2013, using a cross-polarized X-band radar, capable of simultaneously measuring coand cross-polarized backscattered waves. The system was deployed on the Oden, a Swedish icebreaker. During the deployment, raw coand cross-polarized radar data...

In this paper, we propose a new rain and snow removal method through using low frequency part of a single image. It is based on a key difference between clear background edges and rain streaks or snowflakes, low frequency part can obviously distinguish the different properties of them. Low frequency part is the non-rain or non-snow component. We modify it as a guidance image, the high frequency...

The papers in this issue of Environmental Health Perspectives EHP on potential health effects from acid rain are from the Conference on Health Effects of Acid Precipitation held at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, in November 1984. The planning began about a year earlier as an outcome of a small workshop to discuss whether or not t...

Many issues of concern to scientists have a significant impact on the general public. Political, economic, and social issues often revolve around questions that can be resolved only through seienttitc inquiry. Such questions frequently arise from man’s use of technology. In previous essays we have reviewed issues in which th~ is the case, such as indoor workplace pollution and the benefhs and r...