A generation method for the rail random irregularity with arbitrary wavelength interval (WI) is developed, and its accuracy and efficiency are demonstrated. Then a moving wheel-rail-bridge interaction element is derived to establish the finite element equations of motion for the train-rail-bridge interaction system, and the flow chart of assembly and calculation for the system equations is give...

A 1 V rail-to-rail constant-gm CMOS operational amplifier is proposed. This study shows that keeping the sum of currents in the complementary differential pairs constant rather than controlling the tail currents produces a constant-gm input stage operating in the weak inversion. The currents in the n-channel differential pair are regulated to keep the sum of currents in the complementary differ...

The design of a rail-to-rail micropower comparator in CMOS technology is described. The circuit is intended for implantable biomedical devices powered by batteries, with a total consumption of 500nA and operation up to supply voltages of 2V. This cell, currently being fabricated, has a core die area of 0.27 mm2 on a 2.4###m standard analog CMOS technology with a 0.85V nominal threshold voltage....

A linear CMOS VI-converter operating in strong inversion with a commonmode input range from the negative to the positive supplly rail is presented. The circuit consists of three linear VI-converters based on the difference of squares principle [l-31. Two of these perform the actual V to I conversion, while the third changes the bias currents of the first two in response to changes in the input ...

In this paper is presented a novel constant transconductance CMOS differential amplifier. The circuit uses a modified CMOS inverter to process polarisation currents of the complementary differential amplifier in order to maintain constant transconductance over the entire common-mode input voltage range. Simulation shows error less than ±6.12 % for a single supply voltage of 1.5 V. Key-Words: lo...

The main design criteria of ballasted railway tracks include rail deflections, rail bending stresses, rail wheel contact stresses, sleeper bending moments and ballast sleeper contact pressures. Numerous criteria have been defined for the design of ballasted railway tracks owing to the various mechanical properties of track components and their complex interaction. Therefore, railway track desig...

This paper describes a symmetric ultra lowvoltage (ULV) rail-to-rail CMOS amplifiers using floating gates. Simulation of a compact differential ULV amplifier is presented.

European transport policy promotes intermodality as a means of improving efficiency and sustainability. This study looks into passenger air-rail intermodality at airports which are directly integrated into long-distance rail networks and focuses on intermodal journeys in which the rail trip doesn’t serve the purpose of city-centre to nearby airport access, but rather makes up a substantial leg ...

Since its early days the development of railway systems has been an important driving force for technological progress. From the 1840s onward a dense railroad network was spread all over the world. Within a few decades railway became the predominant traffic system carrying a steadily increasing volume of goods and number of passengers. This rapid development was accompanied by substantial devel...

Global trade has increased nearly 100-fold since 1950, according to the World Trade Organization. Today, major changes in trade are occurring with the advent of mega-ships that can transport thousands more containers than cargo ships now in use. Because global trade is expected to increase dramatically, the railroad industry-in the U.S. alone-has invested more than $5 billion a year over the pa...