Once, Europe was one large natural area, across which species of animals and plants were able freely to move and disperse. Today, a satellite image of Europe looks like a Persian carpet cut into millions of small rectangular pieces, each fashioned by the plough and the spade over thousands of years of cultivation. The consequence of this change is that species have disappeared. For example, ani...

Crotches were cut out of red maple (Acer rubrum), callery pear (Pyrus calleryana), and sawtooth oak (Quercus acutissima) trees (2.5”-7” d.b.h.) and then pulled apart in an engineering testing machine to identify physical parameters correlated with crotch strength. Parameters measured included the diameter of the branch and of the trunk above and below the crotch, angle of the branch and branch ...

The disease brown spot of pear (Pyrus communis L.) (BSP) is caused by the fungus Stemphylium vesicarium (Wallr.) E. Simmons. The economical losses caused by BSP are very important in several pear production areas of Europe including Spain, Italy, France, Portugal, The Netherlands and Belgium (Llorente and Montesinos, 2006). Control of BSP is based on fungicide applications during the growing se...

Despite the increasing interest in organic products, knowledge about how different levels of fertilization affect nutritionally relevant components is still limited. The concentration of polyphenols and the activity of polyphenoloxidase (PPO), together with the content in ascorbic acid, citric acid, and alpha- and gamma-tocopherol, were assayed in conventional and organic peach (Prunus persica ...

We studied the relief of water stress associated with fruit thinning in pear (Pyrus communis L.) trees during drought to determine what mechanisms, other than stomatal adjustment, were involved. Combinations of control irrigation (equal to crop water use less effective rainfall) and deficit irrigation (equal to 20% of control irrigation), fruit load (unthinned and thinned to 40 fruits per tree)...

We review the Poirier-Reutenauer Hopf structure on Standard Young Tableaux and show that it is a distinguished member of a family of Hopf structures. The family in question is related to deformed parastatistics. In this paper K is a field of characteristic zero and all vector spaces are over K. A K[S]-module is a collection of K[Sr]-modules of the symmetric groups Sr. A H(q)-module is a collect...

Pyrus ussriensis Maxim. is native to the northern part of China, but whose habitats are currently being destroyed by environmental changes and human deforestation. An investigation of population structure and genetic diversity of wild Ussurian pear is a priority in order to acquire fundamental knowledge for conservation. A total of 153 individuals of wild Ussurian pear from the main habitats, H...

We investigated optimum nitrogen rates and different growth substrates for short-term fi nish production of container and bare root shade tree liners in a pot-in-pot production system in the Intermountain West. In one study, nitrogen ranging from 0–27 g N·tree–1 (0–36 lbs N·1000 ft–2) as urea was applied to quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides), ‘Autumn Blaze’ maple (Acer × freemannii ‘Autumn Bla...