abstractabstract in this paper, the role and impact of the interest groups particularly protective internal one upon public policy making for business environment is studied through analytical comparative method. firstly, definition and different types of the interest groups are introduced in brief. interest groups in this articles refer to those kinds of groups which try to influence upon publ...

cities need good, participatory and effective policies and plans for development. urban development plans such as comprehensive plan are the most important tool for implementation of policies and plans. the effective implementation of city development plan requires high level documents such as spatial planning; good macro development plans policies, efficient urban management and public partici...

Multi-criteria decision analysis provides an effective and valuable method of articulating and structuring deliberations within public participation. Public participation means that citizens are involved in the public decision making that has an effect on them. In order to encourage participation while integrating the deliberative perspectives from various participants in public sector, we shou...

Despite many controversies, cost-benefit analysis (CBA) still been used in many countries as a tool in policy decision processes. More recently, public participation in these CBA processes has become an important issue for governments. However, CBA by itself does not provide a good environment for public participation. The major reasons for this are the lack of spatial disaggregation in CBA res...

Public involvement has become a key concept in conservation management worldwide. This paper provides an overview of the situation in four countries where national parks have been established for over a century, and where their creation often involved clearing the land of earlier indigenous settlements. Since the 1970s, public participation has become common practice in park management, even th...