Public behavior of open defecation free (ODF) is an unhealthy condition. The program through ownership healthy latrines presented as a means educating the public about living. research aims to determine social structures in achieving ODF (Open Defecation Free) villages. This study uses qualitative methods with aim seeing location first hand and conducting interviews for individuals groups invol...

Kanagawa Prefecture became the first subnational government in Japan to implement an ordinance for the prevention of exposure to secondhand-smoke in public facilities. The ordinance aims to protect people from the negative health impacts of secondhand smoke; however, it has wide exemptions especially for hospitality and leisure business establishments. In addition, designated smoking areas are ...

While public goods can provide an overall increase in welfare, ‘inferior’ public facilities produce externalities specifically impacting host locations. Heterogeneous jurisdictional attributes, however, can cause net social benefits to vary across potential host communities. Using data from a unique public works project, this paper empirically investigates whether policymakers consider heteroge...

Consider a population of citizens uniformly spread over the entire plane, that faces a problem of locating public facilities to be used by its members. The cost of every facility is financed by its usersonly, who in addition face an idiosyncratic private access cost to the facility. We assume that the facilities’ cost is independent of location and access costs are linear with respect to the Eu...

BACKGROUND In India, coping mechanisms for inpatient care costs have been explored in rural areas, but seldom among urbanites. This study aims to explore and compare mechanisms employed by the urban and rural poor for coping with inpatient expenditures, in order to help identify formal mechanisms and policies to provide improved social protection for health care. METHODS A three-step methodol...

The emergency service facilities location is one of the most important issues in the emergency management. This study focused on the location set covering problem (LSCP) for emergency service facilities under fuzzy environment. On the basis of defining the signed distance of trapezoidal fuzzy number, the ranking rules of trapezoidal fuzzy number are defined, the model of emergency service facil...