We examine the effect of risk tolerance downstream firms (i.e., customers) on investment inefficiency upstream suppliers). Using pilot licensing status CEOs as a proxy for their inherent tolerance, we find that customer led by are associated with suppliers’ inefficiency, where is more pronounced when suppliers have less bargaining power over customers. Our dynamic analysis confirms causative re...

the study examines production efficiency of farmers under national fadama-ii project in oyo state nigeria. primary data were collected from two hundred and sixty-four farmers using multistage sampling technique. the analytical framework used for the study include: descriptive, infrastructure index, gross margin and stochastic frontier production function. average infrastructural index in the ar...