9.1 Background to Proton Therapy The use of proton beams for radiation treatment was proposed by Robert R. Wilson in 1946 [286]. Wilson referred to the ballistical aspects of the proton beam dose distribution as a rationale for the new modality. Heavy charged particles such as protons produce an energy deposition profile in tissue which is superior to profiles attainable using photon or electro...

The use of high-energy proton beams enables to delivering high doses to target volumes, while sparing organs at risk compared to X-ray radiotherapy. However, the protons advantages cannot be fully exploited because the range (i.e the stopping powers) of protons in matter is not accurately known. Indeed, the proton stopping powers are obtained by an empirical conversion of X-CT Hounsfield Units ...

PURPOSE Our group previously introduced an in vivo proton range verification methodology in which a silicon diode array system is used to correlate the dose rate profile per range modulation wheel cycle of the detector signal to the water-equivalent path length (WEPL) for passively scattered proton beam delivery. The implementation of this system requires a set of calibration data to establish ...

Abstract The degree of polarization the beams must be precisely measured, both to enable development and optimization beams, normalize spin dependent effects observed in experiments. Ion beam polarimetry is particularly challenging since physics processes available for are themselves subject active research. This chapter describes ion as implemented at Relativistic Heavy Collider (RHIC), only h...

Cooling intense high-energy hadron beams is a major challenge in modern accelerator physics. Synchrotron radiation is too feeble and two common methods – stochastic and electron cooling – are not efficient in providing significant cooling for high energy, high intensity proton colliders. In this paper we discuss a practical scheme of Coherent Electron Cooling (CeC), which promises short cooling...

Experiments were performed at a proton accelerator and an infrared laser facility to investigate the sound generation caused by the energy deposition of pulsed particle and laser beams in water. The beams with an energy range of 1 PeV to 400 PeV per proton beam spill and up to 10 EeV for the laser pulse were dumped into a water volume and the resulting acoustic signals were recorded with pressu...

A therapy-dedicated cyclotron was installed in the National Cancer Center Hospital East (NCCHE) at Kashiwa in 1997. Prior to the start of clinical use, we investigated the biological effectiveness of therapeutic proton beams for cell lethality. The proton beams accelerated up to 235 MeV were horizontally extracted from the cyclotron, and scattered by a bar-ridge filter to produce a Spread-Out-B...

The CATANA proton therapy center was the first Italian clinical facility making use of energetic (62 MeV) proton beams for the radioactive treatment of solid tumors. Since the date of the first patient treatment in 2002, 294 patients have been successful treated whose majority was affected by choroidal and iris melanomas. In this paper, we report on the current clinical and physical status of t...

The goal of the present study is to develop a liquid scintillator-based 3D detector and investigate its performance for beam range measurements in real time. The detector design consists of a tank filled with water-equivalent liquid scintillator that scintillates in response to incident proton beams. Three scientific complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (sCMOS) cameras collect the resulting ...

Fixed-Field Alternating-Gradient (FFAG) accelerators are being proposed as an alternative to Super-conducting Linacs (SCL), Rapid-Cycling Synchrotrons (RCS) and Cyclotrons for the acceleration of very intense Heavy-Ion and Proton beams in the medium energy range. One application is the acceleration of ions of Uranium-238 to an energy of 400 MeVh, and the average power of 400 kWaq and the other ...