Cost of production and returns in growing mango orchard are estimated in different ways compared to annual crops. The present study has been designed to investigate cost of production, and returns per acre over the life time of mango trees. A sample of 20 mango growing farmers was taken purposively from various villages of Multan district. The objective was to work out benefit cost ratio and ne...

A collaborative network is a network consisting of a variety of autonomous actors (e.g. enterprises, organizations and people) that collaborate to better achieve common or compatible goals. A collaborative network starts with a contract and then the collaboration partners conduct business as described in the contract. Before engaging in such a collaboration, partners need to reach an agreement ...

Countries differ in the extent to which their financial systems are bank-based or market-based. This paper presents evidence on the impact of financial development and structure on bank performance using bank-level data for a large number of developed and developing countries. For countries that have underdeveloped financial systems, we show that a move towards a more developed financial system...

The study of profits is important not only because of the information it provides about the health of the economy in any given year, but also because profits are a key determinant of growth and employment in the medium-term. Changes in profitability are an important contributor to economic progress via the influence profits have on the investment and savings decisions of companies. This is beca...

Knowledge spillovers to competitors are regarded as an important aspect of the innovation process. While a company possibly benefits from incoming information on successful R&D conducted by other companies, a generally high probability of leakage of knowledge in an industry will negatively affect profitability. This paper presents the results of an empirical study on the effects of outgoing and...

Customer activity has received more attention due to the increase of social network applications. Moreover, customer activity could be an answer to the research debate about the significant relationship between retention rate and lifetime profitability of customers. Several researchers believe that an increase in the retention rate of customers may enhance their customer lifetime value (CLV), o...

The strategy literature has long debated the relative contribution of firm versus industry related factors as the drivers of firm profitability. The industrial organization perspective on this issue suggests that the structure of an industry is a key determinant of profitability (e.g., Porter, 1979). On the other hand, the resource-based view of the firm posits that strategic advantages conferr...

Recovery of used products is receiving much attention recently due to growing environmental concerns.In this paper, we address the carbon footprint basedon problem arising in closed-loop supply chain where returned products are collected from customers. These returned products can either be disposed or be remanufactured to be sold as new ones again. Here, we formulate a comprehensive closed-loo...

This chapter deals with project profitability to society and how it is related to market-based commercial profitability. The first part discusses the sources of divergence between profitability to private companies and to society as a whole, and how commercial assessments can be modified in order to find the social surplus. The second part deals with the role of information and risk for project...

A two-year experiment evaluated the effects of sorting long yearling steers by initial feedlot BW and supplementing 200 mg/steer of Optaflexx daily the last 28 days of the feeding period on ADG, F/G, carcass characteristics and profitability. Feedlot ADG, F/G, and profitability were not effected by sorting. However, sorted cattle exhibited increased fat thickness, increased rib-eye area, and in...