Context All assessments in medical education require evidence of validity to be interpreted meaningfully. In contemporary usage, all validity is construct validity, which requires multiple sources of evidence; construct validity is the whole of validity, but has multiple facets. Five sources – content, response process, internal structure, relationship to other variables and consequences – are ...

Objective Surrogacy is one of the most challenging infertility treatments engaging ethical, psychological and social issues. Attitudes survey plays an important role to disclosure variant aspects of surrogacy, to help meeting legislative gaps and ambiguities, and to convert controversial dimensions surrounding surrogacy to a normative concept that eliminates stigma. The aim of this study is to ...

Introduction: Speech and language therapists (SLTs) require proper tools to detect dysphagia in the early stages. One of these screening tools is the Northwestern Dysphagia Patient Check Sheet (NDPCS). However, this tool needs to be adapted, validated, and shown to be reliable for the Persian culture. The aim of the present study was to report the validity and reliability of the Persian NDPCS (...

The World Health Organization's International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) has provided a new foundation for our understanding of health, functioning, and disability. However, different challenges have to be addressed during its implementation process. The objective of this paper is to address two of these challenges, namely, the study of the content validity of th...

background: a positive parenting program with health action process approach was applied for the parents that their children are at the risk of behavioral and emotional disorders, and the aim of this study is to investigate the application of health action process approach for improving mother's parenting skills. methods: the research has done for the mothers of children who aged between 3 and ...