The article is based on the published literature regarding the family Giraffidae, particularly about the extinct Siwalik species. The provided information is collected from the previous published articles, aiming to produce the basic information of the Siwalik giraffids. The distribution of the Siwalik giraffid species is also briefly discussed.

Arthritic lesions have been frequently diagnosed in the fossil record, with spondyloarthropathy (a type of erosive and pan-mammalian arthritis) being one of the most common types described to date for mammals, though not restricted to this group. Here, we identify spondyloarthropathy in fossil bones from the late Pleistocene in Brazil assignable to a large glyptodont individual. Bone erosions i...

Although Cenozoic protoceratid artiodactyls are known from throughout North America, species referred to the Miocene protoceratine Paratoceras are restricted to subtropical areas of the Gulf Coast and southern Mexico and tropical areas of Panama. Newly discovered fossils from the late Arikareean Lirio Norte Local Fauna, Panama Canal basin, include partial dentitions of a protoceratid remarkably...

INUCLEATED cells occur in a variety of tissues in plants and animals normally and under varying physiological conditions (e.g., anemia, stress, ageing, regeneration, malignancy and viral infection) (BLOOM 1968). Among animals, naturally occurring binucleated cells have been observed in organisms of the following classes: Protozoa, Nematoda, Crustacea, Arachnida, Insecta, Agnatha, Pisces, Amphib...

Some morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics of the probiotic species lactic acid bacteria Lactobacillus reuteri are presented in work. This species, according to literature sources, were isolated from normal human microbiota, other members class Mammalia, as well broilers sourdough. The study Internet sources identified importance using different strains L. modern dietary ...

A new and the first mammal fossil locality from the Zagros Basin of Iran is reported here. The fossil locality, known as Dimeh, is located in the Lorestan province, west of Iran. The fauna includes abundant bovid cranial remains, mostly representing boselaphines and palaeoryxoids, as well as gazelles and spiral horned antelopes. Hipparionine horses similar to Hippotherium group are also represe...