X-ray absorption spectra can be collected in multiple ways, each exhibiting a different probing depth. The total electron yield signal contains contributions from primary, Auger and secondary electrons. We present data on the total electron yield probing depth at core level energies ranging from 77 to 929 eV. By coating materials with chromium overlayers, we find that the maximum probing depth ...

In mobile communication systems with multisensor antennas at base stations, downlink channel estimation plays a key role because accurate channel estimates are needed for transmit beamforming. One efficient approach to this problem is channel probing with feedback. In this method, the base station array transmits probing (training) signals. The channel is then estimated from feedback reports pr...

The averaged attenuation length of emitted electrons with the conversion electron yield (CEY) method was evaluated for Ni films with the x-rays below and above the Ni K absorption edge. The evaluated attenuation length was 13.1 nm with the x-rays below the Ni K absorption edge, and it became 24.0 nm with the contribution of Ni KLL Auger electrons that had the attenuation length of 78.1 nm. The ...

We propose a practical approach to the progressive processing of (FWR) XQuery queries on multiple XML streams, called Twig’n Join (or TnJ). The query is decomposed into a query plan combining several twig queries on the individual streams, followed by a multi-way join and a final twig query. The processing is itself accordingly decomposed into three pipelined stages progressively producing stre...

Monitoring network services and diagnosing their problems often require active probing methods. Current probing methods, however, are becoming unreliable, because of interferences from various middleboxes, and inadequate due to their limited path metrics support. In this paper, we present the design and implementation of OneProbe, a new TCP probing method for reliable and metric-rich path monit...

Combining high throughput sequencing with stable isotope probing (HTS-SIP) is a powerful method for mapping in situ metabolic processes to thousands of microbial taxa. However, accurately mapping metabolic processes to taxa is complex and challenging. Multiple HTS-SIP data analysis methods have been developed, including high-resolution stable isotope probing (HR-SIP), multi-window high-resoluti...

Measuring a network path’s quality is important. The main task of network measuring is to probing some criteria of quality, e.g., the end-to-end delay between server and clients, the current traffic conditions of the network, etc. The obtained performance information could be used to enhance user experiences not only as a feedback to adjust user’s terminal device but also to help network operat...

Practitioners from different fields of design and research apply the ‘Probing’ method as means of getting a better understanding of their users and to inspire their designs. During the 15 years since its first appearance, the probing method has been extended for deployment in different contexts and for different uses. In this chapter we first briefly introduce what probes are about, then we loo...

Background: Obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct is the most common abnormality of the lacrimal system in childhood leading to epiphora. It is found in about 20% of newborns. If not treated in time, it may be complicated by recurrent conjunctivitis, chronic dacryocystitis, and lacrimal abscess formation. Objectives: To study the outcome and complications of probing for congenital nasolacrimal d...

RNA sequences fold upon themselves to form complex structures. Functional analysis of most biological RNAs requires knowledge of secondary structure arrangements and tertiary base interactions. Therefore, rapid and comprehensive methods for assessing RNA structure are highly desirable. Computational tools are oftentimes employed for prediction of secondary structure. However, a greater degree o...