Vitamin A and D deficiencies and insufficiencies are prevalent worldwide in developed and developing countries. Vitamin metabolites are functionally intertwined in that they are high-affinity ligands for related receptors of the nuclear receptor superfamily. The effects of vitamin A deficiencies (VAD) on antibody responses to respiratory virus vaccines have already been demonstrated. Of particu...

immunoglobulin class switch recombination deficiencies (ig csr deficiencies) or hyper igm syndromes (higm) are a group of primary immunodeficiency diseases, characterized by defective cd40 signaling of b cells resulting into a csr and a somatic hypermutation. the affected patients are characterized with reduced serum levels of igg and iga, and normal or elevated level of igm, which lead to incr...

Plant derived immunostimulants are a promising alternative to chemotherapeutics and also perhaps vaccines. In the present study, we examined the immunostimulating properties of aqueous leaf extract of Phyllanthus niruri, an Indian traditional medicinal herb, on neutrophil activation and antibody response of Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters). Serial ten-fold diluted doses of P. niruri ranging fro...

BACKGROUND While primary immunodeficiencies (PID has been recognized in the west for decades, recognition has been delayed in the third world. This study attempts to detail the spectrum of PID, the therapy provided, and constraints in the diagnosis and treatment in a middle income country such as Sri Lanka. METHODS Nine hundred and forty two patients with recurrent infections and features sug...

phage elisa is a common method to confirm binding of obtained phages from phage display technique to related antigens. enzyme-conjugated antibody directed against the major capsid protein (pviii) or enzyme-conjugated secondary antibody against the primary antibody is used as a detection system in phage elisa. we have suggested to express an acid phosphatase (sapm) enzyme on m13 pix minor coat p...

Somatic hypermutation (SHM) in immunoglobulin genes is required for high affinity antibody-antigen binding. Cultured cell systems, mouse model systems, and human genetic deficiencies have been the key players in identifying likely SHM pathways, whereas "pure" biochemical approaches have been far less prominent, but change appears imminent. Here we comment on how, when, and why biochemistry is l...