Historians of chemistry usually associate the eighteenth century with the Chemical Revolution, but it could just as readily be called ‘the century of gases’ (or ‘airs’, as they were called in the eighteenth century). In the early part of the century, the British pneumatic chemists struggled to replace the traditional notion ‘Air’, understood as an inert chemical element, with the concept of ‘ai...

In this work we develop a categorical duality for certain classes of manysorted algebras, called many-sorted lattices because each sort admits a structure of distributive lattice. This duality is strongly based on the Priestley duality for distributive lattices developed in [3] and [4] and on the representation of many sorted lattices with operators given by Sofronie-Stokkermans in [6]. In this...

Thomas Aubrey Bowen was one of the first medically trained oculists to practise in Australia.' Born in Cradley, Worcestershire, he was the third son of a 'dissenting' Unitarian minister, the Reverend William Bowen, MA. His mother, born Marianne Priestley, was a granddaughter of the radical Reverend Joseph Priestley, LLD, FRS, the famous chemist. Aubrey Bowen began his medical training at Sydenh...

Much of the recent literature on reasons is focused on a common range of issues, concerning, for example, the relation between reasons and motivation, desires, and values, the issue of internalism versus externalism in the theory of reasons, or the objectivity or reasons. This paper is concerned with a different, and orthogonal, set of questions: What are reasons, and how do they support action...

This study evaluates the performance of four evapotranspiration methods (Priestley-Taylor, Penman-Monteith, Hargreaves and Makkink) of differing complexity in a semiarid environment in north China. The results are compared to observed water vapour fluxes derived from eddy flux measurements. The analysis became necessary after discharge simulations using an automatically calibrated version of th...

Estimating cropland latent heat flux (LE) from continental to global scales is vital to modeling crop production and managing water resources. Over the past several decades, numerous LE models were developed, such as the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer LE (MOD16) algorithm, revised remote sensing-based Penman-Monteith LE algorithm (RRS), the Priestley-Taylor LE algorithm of the Je...

The theory of bounded, distributive lattices provides the appropriate language for describing directionality and asymptotics in dynamical systems. For general notion ‘set-difference’ taking values a semilattice is introduced, called Conley form. form used to build concrete, set-theoretic models spectral spaces, or Priestley their finite coarsenings. Such representations formulate compute order-...

The normal, or Dedekind-MacNeille, completion δ(L) of a distributive lattice L need not be distributive. However, δ(L) does contain a largest distributive sublattice β(L) containing L, and δ(L) is distributive if and only if β(L) is complete if and only if δ(L) = β(L). In light of these facts, it may come as a surprise to learn that β(L) was developed (in [1]) for reasons having nothing to do w...

The Priestley–Taylor equation (PTE) is frequently applied in actual areal evapotranspiration (ET) estimation methods for obtaining the maximum daily rate of evaporation with data from sub-humid conditions. Since PTE was parameterized under humid conditions, a temperature correction is necessary to avoid overestimation of the maximum rate of ET. Wet-environment surface temperature (Tws), a proxy...