this paper explains offset and develops a strategic approach for the implementation of offset-policy for a buyer country. offset emerges when a country cannot afford to pay cash for non-essential imports, and cannot get cash for many of its products. offset arrangements are most frequently found in the defense-related sector. however, recently, it refers to a range of industrial and commercial ...

ABSTRACT We study how the precision of managers’ private post-contract pre-decision information affects pay–performance relation. Endogenizing environment, we find that firms may optimally tie executive pay closer to firm performance as agency problems become more pronounced. Specifically, varying parameters measuring severity problem, identify parameter regions where with pronounced combine un...

 Let $ a_0 (omega), a_1 (omega), a_2 (omega), dots, a_n (omega)$ be a sequence of independent random variables defined on a fixed probability space $(Omega, Pr, A)$. There are many known results for the expected number of real zeros of a polynomial $ a_0 (omega) psi_0(x)+ a_1 (omega)psi_1 (x)+, a_2 (omega)psi_2 (x)+...

 Abstract Background: With increasing knowledge concerning fractures of the distal radius, different classifications have been proposed. Reliability of most of these classifications has been assessed. The Fernandez classification has never been assessed for intraobserver and interobserver reliability, although this classification is commonly used. Methods: Five observers including one attending...

BACKGROUND Classification of menopausal status is important for epidemiological and clinical studies as well as for clinicians treating midlife women. Most epidemiological studies, including the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN), classify women based on self-reported bleeding history. METHODS The Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE) study developed an algorithm using men...