Classical thermodynamics aimed to quantify the efficiency of thermodynamic engines, by bounding maximal amount mechanical energy produced, compared heat required. While this was accomplished early on, Carnot and Clausius, more practical problem limits power that can be delivered, remained elusive due fact quasistatic processes require infinitely slow cycling, resulting in a vanishing output. Re...

In this paper a novel all-optical logic NAND, NOR and XOR gate based on nonlinear directional coupler theory is demonstrated. We use the identical structure which contains three waveguides, for designing these gates; the only difference however, is the power of inputs light beam. In other words, while a beam with 4 W/μm in power considered as logical one, the output is NAND gate and if a beam w...

In this paper a novel all-optical logic NAND, NOR and XOR gate based on nonlinear directional coupler theory is demonstrated. We use the identical structure which contains three waveguides, for designing these gates; the only difference however, is the power of inputs light beam. In other words, while a beam with 4 W/μm in power considered as logical one, the output is NAND gate and if a beam w...

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of caffeine ingestion on maximal power output and fatigue during short term, high intensity exercise. Nine adult males performed 15 s maximal exercise bouts 60 min after ingestion of caffeine (7 mg.kg-1) or placebo. Exercise bouts were carried out on a modified cycle ergometer which allowed power output to be computed for each one-h...