Policy formation is a process of political interaction among individuals and groups. While some participants in the political process may share similar, or even identical interests, the political preferences of other participants diverge so that conflicts of interest among participating parties are unavoidable. Nevertheless, such conflicts are often resolved in the policy formulation process. T...

Political self-organization is a reflexive, selfreferential process where political agents coordinate their actions in such a way that political power structures emerge and are differentiated, these structures enable and constrain political activities and stimulate further political practices. Acknowledgement: This paper is based on research done within the framework of the project ‘Human Strat...

This article argues that political stakeholders in national and international political arenas, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and firms in particular, are increasingly investing in 'Public-Attention-Seeking' activities in order to maintain access to scarce public resources in politics. The principal goal of 'Public-Attention-Seeking' is to win the public's favor and trust. As a cons...

power, security, and liberty, considered as the objectives of political sovereignty by some scholars, are also incorporated in naraghi's conception of justice. in his view, political power is a mere instrument for the application of justice, and providing security is a major function of state and can be maintained only in the light of justice. the citizens and members of the islamic societ...

In this paper we provide a political game where agents decide whether to become legislators or politicians. Legislators determine the political institutions constraining politicians’ behavior and politicians compete for gaining the power to make decisions about the level of the public good. We derive a number of interesting results: i) Political competition is a necessary but not a sufficient c...

in this paper, the french electoral system in different layers of power and its impact on voter’s political life and behavior is explored. the french chose the two-step plurality system in the national assembly elections. this electoral style has caused the multi-party and bipolar system to be institutionalized in the land of flowers. although this electoral system is harmful to minor parties e...

Previous theoretical and empirical studies suggest that CEOs' political connections are valuable to firms. We examine whether such connections become entrenched if the expected political capital fails to materialize and the firm lacks other types of political power. Using a sample of listed non-SOEs in China, we show that politically connected CEOs have a lower probability of turnover and cause...