Objectives. What were the determinants and patterns of naturalization in the first two decades of the 20th century? Low levels of citizenship acquisition among contemporary immigrants are frequently contrasted to the assumed rapid naturalization of prior European migrants, but in truth we know little about the earlier period. Historic data are well suited to investigate four explanations for na...

I n Central Asia, as in other regions of the world with large Muslim populations, opposition groups are increasingly turning to the ideas of militant Islam in their efforts to challenge authoritarian rule. Activists fromKokand to Kabul have learned that political Islam provides an unusually potent language of opposition. In Central Asia, a wide array of opposition movements—the Islamic Movement...

Background Despite decades of evidence gathering and calls for action, few countries have systematically attenuated health inequities (HI) through action on the social determinants of health (SDH). This is at least partly because doing so presents a significant political and policy challenge. This paper explores this challenge through a review of the empirical literature, asking: what factors h...

Scholars of political campaigns have focused on traditional mobilization efforts where a political party or interest group targets core supporters and undecided independents. Yet campaigns are increasingly targeting persuadable members of the opposition. If people are merely responding to the message, then nontraditional strategies could be effective despite the fact that it is delivered by an ...

Diaspora ethnic communities differ in their readiness for mobilization on behalf of homeland interests. Using three ethnonational groups in the United States, each of which has ties to the Middle East, this paper develops and tests a multilevel model of politicized ethnic identity. The empirical analysis confirms that individuals differ in their readiness for mobilization based on the strength ...

Theories of mobilization suggest that groups are more likely to resort to violence in the presence of political opportunity structures that afford greater prospects for extracting concessions from the government or better opportunities to topple ruling governments. However, existing efforts to consider the possible influences of political opportunity structures on incentives for violence and ci...

Are trade blocs stumbling blocks or building blocks? This chapter reviews many political economy arguments. First come those that suggest that regionalism undermines support for more generalized liberalization. Then we consider arguments that say that regional initiatives help build political momentum for global liberalization. Arguments as to how the adoption of a regional trading area might p...

The main aim of this paper is to explore theoretically important mechanisms through which economic inequalities may affect the emergence political violence given forms social mobilization they (may) generate. identifies and explores two under in unequal societies result either non-violent or violent collective action and, ultimately, conflict. first condition level cooperation between different...

The article examines the methodological possibilities of reinforcement theory in field studying influence Internet technologies on political behavior. prospects are considered context changing role process since beginning 2010s and growing popularity competing directions, first all, mobilization. It is revealed that rivalry between mobilization at present stage turns into a state dualism. Reinf...