The often-posed claim that Europe is a pessimistic continent is not unjustified. In 2012, 53 percent of European Union (EU) citizens were pessimistic about their country. Surprisingly, however, societal pessimism has received very little scientific attention. In this article, we examine to what extent political and economic factors drive societal pessimism. In terms of political factors, we exp...

an essential issue from the very outset of the field of public administration was to find proper limits of bureaucrats authorities in a democratic state .contemporary research on the issue lead to emergent of two set of theories. the first is theories of political control of bureaucracy and the second is theories of bureaucratic politics. the research is against theoretical efforts and is consi...