Background: Out-of-pocket costs pose a substantial economic burden to cancer patients and their families. The purpose of this study was evaluate the literature on out-of-pocket care. Methods: A systematic review conducted identify studies that estimated cost faced by caregivers. average monthly per patient were reported/estimated converted 2018 USD. Costs reported as medical non-medical across ...

BACKGROUND Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory arthritis which typically begins in early adulthood and impacts on healthcare resource utilisation and the ability to work. Previous studies examining the cost of AS have relied on patient-reported questionnaires based on recall. This study uses a combination of patient-reported and linked-routine data to examine the cost of AS in...

BACKGROUND Given the enormous economic burden of malaria in Nigeria and in sub-Saharan Africa, it is important to determine how different population groups cope with payment for malaria treatment. This paper provides new information about the differences in household coping mechanisms for expenditures on malaria treatment. METHODS The study was undertaken in two communities in Southeast Niger...

BACKGROUND Nearly 5 million children in the United States are affected by asthma, which is more than 5% of the population younger than 18 years. In children four years or younger, the prevalence increased 160% from 1980 to 1994. There are several effective drugs that relieve the symptoms of asthma and others are currently being developed, but even when these medications are prescribed, they may...

BACKGROUND Diarrheal disease remains one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in young children in South Africa. Although a rotavirus vaccine will reduce rotavirus diarrheal morbidity and mortality, its introduction and sustainability will incur considerable costs. The aim of this study was to estimate the costs associated with diarrheal disease of all etiologies in children <5 years ...

background and aim: probing is the only reliable method for diagnosing periodontal diseases; however, it is a painful examination. the purpose of this study was evaluation of the effect of emla anesthetic gel on the level of pain upon probing in patients with chronic periodontitis referring to the periodontology department of the dental branch of islamic azad university of tehran during 2013-20...

Private medical aids are essentially non-profit organisations that aim to deliver speedy treatment and should prevent members from unexpected, out of pocket expenses for care. However, although the latest statistics show 16.2% individuals in South Africa were aid schemes, making promise private healthcare accessible a small percentage population, they not without their own unique set challenges...

Introduction: The government of Nepal has been providing free dialysis for a lifetime to its citizen since 2016. Most the patients have spend from pocket meet their medical demands sustain life. This leads financial burden and may lead sale property. aim this was study look into different categories expenses done by in Bipanna nagarik HD program provided Nepal.Materials Methods: descriptive cro...

The National Chronic Disease Strategy provides a framework to improve ‘chronic disease prevention and care across Australia’. It is framed around single chronic illnesses. However, multimorbidity is increasingly common in our ageing population. In 2010 ~13.6% of Australians were aged between 65 and 85 years and over half of these are known to have had at least five chronic conditions. The top f...