We report the Pockels electro-optic properties of ${\mathrm{ZrO}}_{2}$ and ${\mathrm{HfO}}_{2}$ orthorhombic $Pbc{2}_{1}$ rhombohedral $R3m$ ferroelectric phases, we compare them to well-known $R3c$ ${\mathrm{LiNbO}}_{3}$ material from density functional theory calculations using crystal suite programs. Specifically, three essential processes are explicitly investigated: The electronic, ionic (...

We report the Pockels electro-optic properties of ${\mathrm{ZrO}}_{2}$ and ${\mathrm{HfO}}_{2}$ orthorhombic $Pbc{2}_{1}$ rhombohedral $R3m$ ferroelectric phases, we compare them to well-known $R3c$ ${\mathrm{LiNbO}}_{3}$ material from density functional theory calculations using crystal suite programs. Specifically, three essential processes are explicitly investigated: The electronic, ionic (...

A hybrid Q-switching method based on a special-shaped saturated absorber was proposed for simultaneous manipulation of the temporal and spatial behaviors solid-state pulse laser. The temporal–spatial rate equation model laser given used to optimize design parameter absorber. Best intensity homogenization performance can be expected using an active-passive Q-switched laser, comprising Pockels ce...

Photonic integrated circuits (PICs) allow for the rapid advancement of a wide range optical devices on compact platform, making them more useful and readily available in commercial market. Various materials such as III–V semiconductors, silicon, silicon nitride, lithium niobate, polymers are used to create PICs with certain unique properties. Hybrid integration can combine multiple material pla...

Abstract: This paper studies the development and decay of surface discharge under various voltage waveforms and electrode shapes in air at atmospheric pressure. The electro-optical Pockels method is utilised to measure and quantify the distribution of surface charge. Charge is deposited on the surface of the Bismuth Silicon Oxide (BSO) sensing crystal from a high voltage needle or mushroom elec...