Consider the contrast in interpretation between the examples in (1) and (2) below. While example (1) is compatible with events that unfold in very different ways, the addition of one by one in (2) constrains how the leaving events can proceed. Intuitively, one by one is an event modifier that targets a plural participant in the event. More precisely, it breaks the event down into temporally seq...

Plainly, this judgment was prompted by the absence of agreement between the question's subject and verb. Efforts i s plural and 'requires the plural are, not the singular is. Belying its reputation as an effete detail, agreement i s a paradigm case ofwhat syntax does. Fundamentally, syntax ties together words that rep resent elements of nonlinguistic thought. The following example illustrates h...

Objects often define usage protocols that clients must follow in order for these objects to work properly. In the presence of aliasing, however, it is difficult to check whether all the aliases of an object properly coordinate to enforce the protocol. Plural is a type-based system that can soundly enforce challenging protocols even in concurrent programs. In this paper, we discuss how Plural su...

Although there is striking variation across languages (and even within a single language) in how the plural is formally expressed, it is relatively easy to indicate what plurality is from a morphological point of view: the plural is one of the instances of the inflectional category of number. From a semantic point of view, however, the concept of plurality is much more di↵use. To start with, th...

The German plural system has recently become a focal point for conflicting theories of language, both linguistic and cognitive. Marcus et al. (1995) highlight the German plural as support for the dual-route account of inflectional morphology first proposed by Pinker and colleagues (Pinker & Prince, 1988). On the dual-route account, inflectional morphology is universally subserved by a symbolic ...

The German plural system has become a focal point for conflicting theories of language, both linguistic and cognitive. We present simulation results with three simple classifiers – an ordinary nearest neighbour algorithm, Nosofsky’s ‘Generalized Context Model’ (GCM) and a standard, three-layer backprop network – predicting the plural class from a phonological representation of the singular in G...

Functional logic languages combine lazy (demand-driven) evaluation strategies from functional programming with non-deterministic computations from logic programming. To provide a strategy-independent semantics, most languages are based on the call-time choice semantics where parameters are passed as values. From an implementation point of view, the call-time choice semantics fits well with shar...

This paper is concerned with a principled approach to cases of extended (or multiple) exponence, as postulated in Matthews (1972, 82) for Greek verb inflection (perfect forms in particular), and in Matthews (1974, 149) for English verb inflection (among other phenomena). Extended exponence characterizes those cases of morphological realization where a single morpho-syntactic property seems to b...

This paper provides a treatment of Polish Plural Comitative Constructions in the paradigm of HPSG in the tradition of Pollard and Sag (1994). Plural Comitative Constructions (PCCs) have previously been treated in terms of coordination, complementation and adjunction. The objective of this paper is to show that PCCs are neither instances of typical coordinate structures nor of typical complement...

Compound words with irregular plural nouns in first position (e.g. mice-eater) are produced far more frequently than compound words with regular plural nouns in first position (e.g. *rats-eater), (Gordon, 1985). Using empirical evidence and neural net modelling, the studies presented here demonstrate how a single route, associative memory based account might provide an equally, if not more, val...