The human gut is known to be a reservoir of a wide variety of microbes, including viruses. Many RNA viruses are known to be associated with gastroenteritis; however, the enteric RNA viral community present in healthy humans has not been described. Here, we present a comparative metagenomic analysis of the RNA viruses found in three fecal samples from two healthy human individuals. For this stud...

Plants respond to pathogens using an innate immune system that is broadly divided into PTI (pathogen-associated molecular pattern- or PAMP-triggered immunity) and ETI (effector-triggered immunity). PTI is activated upon perception of PAMPs, conserved motifs derived from pathogens, by surface membrane-anchored pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). To overcome this first line of defense, pathogen...

Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is one of the devastating plant viruses in the world that infects more than 200 plant species. Movement protein plays a supportive role in the movement of other plant viruses, and viral coat protein is highly expressed in infected plants and affects replication and movements of TMV. In order to investigate genetic variation in the terminal fragment sequence in Iranian...

To reduce the losses caused by plant pathogens, plant biologists have adopted numerous methods to engineer resistant plants. Among them, RNA silencing-based resistance has been a powerful tool that has been used to engineer resistant crops during the last two decades. Based on this mechanism, diverse approaches were developed. In this review, we focus on the application of RNA silencing to prod...

Reverse genetics systems have been established for all major groups of plant DNA and positive-strand RNA viruses, and our understanding of their infection cycles and pathogenesis has benefitted enormously from use of these approaches. However, technical difficulties have heretofore hampered applications of reverse genetics to plant negative-strand RNA (NSR) viruses. Here, we report recovery of ...

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding RNAs of approximately 20-24 nucleotides in length that serve as central regulators of eukaryotic gene expression by targeting mRNAs for cleavage or translational repression. In plants, miRNAs are associated with numerous regulatory pathways in growth and development processes, and defensive responses in plant-pathogen interactions. Recently, significant progres...

The exploration of the evolution of RNA viruses has been aided recently by the discovery of copies of fragments or complete genomes of non-retroviral RNA viruses (Non-retroviral Endogenous RNA Viral Elements, or NERVEs) in many eukaryotic nuclear genomes. Among the most prominent NERVEs are partial copies of the RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) of the mitoviruses in plant mitochondrial genom...

RNA silencing is an ancient eukaryotic pathway in which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) triggers destruction of related RNAs in the cell. Early studies in plants pointed to a role for this pathway as a defense against viruses. Most known plant viruses have RNA genomes and replicate via dsRNA intermediates, thereby serving as potent inducers of RNA silencing early in replication and as silencing tar...

In the face of climate change, point view existing agricultural production systems is changing, and biological issues are gaining importance in terms sustainable agriculture. Environmentally friendly solutions come to forefront management diseases pests that put pressure on It has been proven by many studies plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) have positive effects growth, as well reduc...

objective(s) the aim of this study was to search for new antiviral agents from herbal medicines. ethanol extracts of c. semipervirens, c. semipervirens var. horizontalis and c. semipervirens cv. cereiformis were used in experiments to test their influence on herpes viruses (hsv-1). materials and methods hela cells monolayers were infected with herpes viruses (hsv-1). antiviral activity of the p...