Propolis is a natural mixture of saliva, enzymes and plant secretions which collected by bees from various plants used for protection hives against external fac-tors. Biological activities chemical composition propolis may vary accor-ding to the sources, location time, it contains phenolic compo-unds, aromatic acids, essen-tial oils, minerals vita-mins. has been in traditional medicine therapeu...

The salivary fluid is produced by the major glands like parotid, submandibular and sublingual along with minor present in oral cavity. Almost 0.5 to 1.5 liters of secretion occurs 24 hours. gland under autonomic control but various other factors influence rate quality secretions. mechanism saliva involves a number pumps carrier proteins acinar ductal region that forms primary secretions which u...

Rainforest fragmentation drastically affects biodiversity and species composition, mainly due to habitat loss. Several studies have already shown the effects of forest on plant ant communities. To date, however, there is limited empirical knowledge how ant-plant interaction in networks. We investigated configuration rainforest fragments structure networks mediated by extrafloral nectaries (EFNs...

Ants have paired metapleural glands (MGs) to produce secretions for prophylactic hygiene. These exocrine glands are particularly well developed in leaf-cutting ants, but whether the ants can actively regulate MG secretion is unknown. In a set of controlled experiments using conidia of five fungi, we show that the ants adjust the amount of MG secretion to the virulence of the fungus with which t...

Frogs secrete antimicrobial peptides onto their skin. We describe an assay to preserve and analyze antimicrobial peptide transcripts from field-collected skin secretions that will complement existing methods for peptide analysis. We collected skin secretions from 4 North American species in the field in California and 2 species in the laboratory. Most frogs appeared healthy after release; howev...

We investigated the protective role of antibodies in vaginal secretions of mice that were immune to vaginal challenge with herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2). Unfractionated vaginal immunoglobulins from immune and nonimmune mice and affinity-purified immunoglobulin G (IgG) and secretory IgA (S-IgA) from immune secretions were adjusted to their concentrations in vivo. Wild-type HSV-2 was incuba...

Cheek-marking in yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris) was studied by observations of cheek-marking in two colonies from 10 June to 6 August, 1996 and by experimental studies of responses to olfactory secretions from the perioral gland. The rate of cheek-marking declined significantly as the season progressed. Most cheek-marking occurred within 3 m of the main burrow system and was prim...

OBJECTIVE To determine whether aging is associated with significant alterations in the polar and neutral lipid profiles in human meibomian gland secretions. METHODS Meibomian gland secretions were collected from both eyes of younger and older men and women. Samples were processed for high-performance liquid chromatography or mass spectrometry and for the analysis of associated spectra of frag...

Colonizing commensal bacteria after birth are required for the proper development of the gastrointestinal tract. It is believed that bacterial colonization pattern in neonatal gut affects gut barrier function and immune system maturation. Studies on the development of faecal microbiota in infants showed that the neonatal gut was first colonized with enterococci followed by other microbiota such...

The FUT2 gene encodes an α-1,2-fucosyltransferase responsible for the expression of ABO histo-blood-group antigens on mucosal surfaces and bodily secretions. Individuals who carry at least one functional allele are known as "secretors," whereas those homozygous for loss-of-function mutations are known as "non-secretors." Non-secretor individuals are more susceptible to chronic inflammatory diso...