Plant litter is an indispensable component of constructed wetlands, but how the submergence of plant litter affects their ecosystem functions and services, such as water purification, is still unclear. Moreover, it is also unclear whether the effects of plant litter submergence depend on other factors such as the duration of litter submergence, water source or litter species identity. Here we c...

the aim of this study is to find the optimal water pressure and percentage of supply vapour in the feed water heaters (fwhs) of steam power plants, such that they maximize the thermal efficiency of the rankine cycle within pre-specified values of minimum and maximum pressures of the thermodynamic cycle. thermal efficiency is defined as a function of unknown variables (fluid pressure and vapour ...

brass ferrules have been used as packing in a laboratory- scale glass distillation column approaching pilot plant size because of their availability in all sizes and low cost. the available size range is such that these ferrules could also be used in industry and the results of this study could be scaled up. the performance of the new packing has been compared with the performance of glass pack...

Irrigation water is limiting for crop production in arid and semi-arid areas. Furthermore, excess nitrogen (N) application is a source of groundwater contamination. Partial root drying irrigation (PRD) can be used as water saving technique and a controlling measure of groundwater N contamination. The objectives of this investigation were to evaluate the effect of ordinary furrow irrigation (OFI...

As an important part of the large-scale ecological restoration project “Grain for Green”, planting area jujube (Ziziphus jujuba) trees has increased significantly in hilly region on Loess Plateau China, which aims to improve water and soil conservation develop economic prospects region. Understanding long-term effects expanding orchards responses dynamics drought are orchard management. Therefo...

Agriculture accounts for 85% of the world’s freshwater usage. Drip irrigation significantly reduces water usage and has been adopted by many farms, orchards, and vineyards. Rubber or PVC tubing is fitted with thousands of drip emitters whose water pressure and flow are controlled by a small number of valves resulting in suboptimal use of water resources. UAVs and other sensors are used to deter...

7500 tons of municipal solid waste produced in tehran city is land-filled in kahrizak disposalsite. the leachate of the waste has created a lake with 180000m3 in volume. a plant is under construction totreat the leachate. a significant amount of biogas can be produced in anaerobic digestion phase in the treatment plant reactor. the designing process of a power plant in accordance with the produ...