Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex disorder with heterogeneity of clinical and endocrine features. Ovarian surgery for ovulation induction has been used in the management of clomiphene citrate-resistant anovulatory women with PCOS. Various types of ovarian surgery have been employed (wedge resection, electrocautery, laser vaporization, multiple ovarian biopsies and others) and all pr...

Severe GH deficiency (GHD) in adults has been described as a clinical entity. However, some of the features associated with GHD could be due to unphysiological and inadequate replacement of other pituitary hormone deficiencies. This may be true for glucocorticoid replacement that lacks a biomarker making dose titration and monitoring difficult. Moreover, oral estrogen replacement therapy decrea...

Human pituitary tumors are generally benign adenomas causing considerable morbidity due to excess hormone secretion, hypopituitarism, and other tumor mass effects. Pituitary tumors are highly heterogeneous and difficult to type, often containing mixed cell phenotypes. We have used calcium imaging followed by multiple immunocytochemistry to type growth hormone secreting (GHomas) and non-function...

Two behaviorally active hormones of the pituitary-adrenal system are adrenocorticotropic hormones (ACTH) and corticosterone, and their behavioral effects are facilitation and inhibition of performance of previously learned avoidance responses, respectively. Their uptake, distribution and effects on central nervous system are reviewed. Hypothalamic neurotransmitter control of corticotropin relea...

Hypopituitarism is the deficiency of one or more pituitary hormones. It is relatively rare, with a prevalence of 45 per million and an annual incidence of about 4 per 100,000.1 It is, however, seen commonly in endocrine practice and, importantly, is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Clinical manifestations are influenced by the etiology, severity, and rate of onset of pituitary...

Diabetes is a metabolic disorder which affects whole body systems including reproductive system. Diabetes is also a contributing factor to infertility. Metformin is one of the most common drugs to control hyperglycemia. In this study, 36 adult Sprague-Dawley female rats (170-210 g) were divided into 3 groups (control, diabetic and diabetic-treated by metformin). In second and third groups, diab...

in this study, five carp pituitary glands were collected and dispersed enzymatically and mechanically.then, the cells were cultivated as monolayer in mem (minimum essential medium eagle). the culture mediawere collected after 72 h and frozen at -20°c. carp ovarian follicles also were separated mechanically andincubated in bss (basic salt solution) cortland medium in 24-well microplates for 48 h...

The developmental patterns of plasma and pituitary levels of the three glycoprotein hormones, FSH, LH and TSH, were studied in hypothyroidism and after thyroxine administration. Rats were radiothyroidectomized at birth and the pituitary and circulating hormone levels were measured at five-day intervals from 5 to 4o days of age by double-antibody radioimmunoassay. Body weight and weight of selec...

Orexins A and B (hypocretins A and B) are regulatory peptides that control a variety of neuroendocrine and autonomic functions including feeding and sleep-wakefulness. Previously, we described a clear relationship between the hormonal milieu of the estrous cycle and the mRNA expression of the components of the orexinergic system, in the hypothalamus, pituitary and ovary. Here, we investigate wh...

Increased thyroid hormone production is essential for hatching of the chick and for the increased metabolism necessary for posthatch endothermic life. However, little is known about the ontogeny and distribution of pituitary thyrotrophs during this period or whether pituitary thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) production is regulated by endogenous thyroid hormones during chick embryonic developm...