In this study, the feasibility of using a one dimensional 16-element flexible ultrasonic transducer (FUT) array for nondestructive testing at 150 °C is demonstrated. The FUT arrays were made by a sol-gel sprayed piezoelectric film technology; a PZT composite film was sprayed on a titanium foil of 75 µm thickness. Since the FUT array is flexible, it was attached to a steel pipe with an outer di...

At the zonal scale (e.g. a city or town), random daytime (RDT) sampling succeeded in demonstrating both the need for corrective action and the benefits of optimised orthophosphate dosing for plumbosolvency control, despite initial concerns about sampling reproducibility. Stagnation sampling techniques were found to be less successful. Optimised treatment measures to minimise lead in drinking wa...

Biofilm formed on carbon steel by various species of bacterial cells causes serious problems such as corrosion of steel, choking of flow in the pipe, deterioration of the heat-transfer efficiency, and so on. Cathodic protection is known to be a reliable method for protecting carbon steel from corrosion. However, the initial attachment of bacteria to the surface and the effects of cathodic prote...

The occurrence of discoloured water at the tap is one of the most frequent reasons for customers to complain. Water discolouration arises from the resuspension of loose deposits (LD) that accumulate in drinking water pipes, due to velocity increase. Because of its typical brownish/reddish colour, discoloured water is traditionally perceived as a consequence of cast-iron pipes corrosion, even in...

The main goal of this large-scale pilot distribution study was to systematically investigate the impacts of blending different source waters on distribution water qualities. The principal source waters investigated were conventionally treated ground water (G1), surface water processed by enhanced treatment (S1), and desalted seawater by reverse osmosis membranes (RO). Due to the nature of raw w...

BACKGROUND In Curaçao, distilled seawater from the water plant was used without further purification for hemodialysis for several decades. A new distribution pipe supplying water to a dialysis center on the island was installed in May 1996. To protect it from corrosion, this pipe was lined on the inside with a cement mortar. Because of the aggressiveness of the distilled water, calcium and alum...

Corrosion of offshore oil and gas pipelines is an important problem that can generate catastrophic failures if not adequately managed. The issues are more important and critical for deepwater pipelines due to complexity of the designs and also due to difficulty in inspection, monitoring, and repair. Pipelines exposed to these severely corrosive environments require the use of corrosion resistan...

Abstract For visualizing ultrasonic propagation, we have developed a generation laser scanning method. This method has the following features that make it superior to the conventional visualization methods such as the photo-elasticity method and the reception probe scanning method. (1) It enables us to visualize ultrasonic waves propagating on a complexly shaped object. (2) It makes high-speed ...

High-density polyethylene (HDPE) piping has been used in place of steel alloys in the petrochemical, power, and mining industries due to its exceptional resistance to corrosion and erosion. Recently, HDPE has also been used for nuclear safety-related cooling water applications. The application of nuclear quality assurance requirements creates reasonable assurance that the production fusion join...

The pathways, through which water quality in the distribution network can be compromised, may be classified into five categories: intrusion of contaminants into the distribution system (e.g., through cross connection), regrowth of bacteria in pipes and distribution storage tanks, water treatment breakthrough, leaching of chemicals or corrosion products from system components (pipes, tanks, line...