fool" or the wily "artificial fool" like Friedrich Taubmann who served as "merry counselor' to the electors of Saxony. Midelfort's discussion of court buffoons, like his closing chapters on pilgrims and hospital inmates, exploits little-known, or insufficiently utilized, archival and printed literature in ways that help overturn facile generalizations. 'Pilgrims in Search of Reason' mines mirac...

Acute Watery Diarrhea (AWD) is an acute illness which has remained as one of the important public health problems in Asia and Africa causing substantial morbidity and mortality. It occurs both as a short outbreak and protracted epidemic/pandemic. The transmission of the causative bacteria is usually through the fecal-oral route of contaminated food or water caused by poor sanitation. From late ...

with their own. Relations between Western and indigenous medicine are examined from a different perspective in Anil Kumar's account of the Indian drug industry between 1860 and 1920. He argues that, despite some recognition of the richness of indigenous materia medica, the British discouraged the development of an Indian drug industry and were never genuinely committed to import substitution. B...

, are given in English transliteration. Mr. Ebied's industry (400 periodicals were consulted together with all major sources, Festschriften, congress proceedings, etc.) and the generosity of the Weilcome Trust have given medieval historians an indispensable reference work. In 1968 the tercentenary of Herman Boerhaave's birth was commemorated at Leyden with an International Symposium. This has n...

Jason Rosenhouse’s ‘great big Monty Hall book’ [12] is published by Oxford; but it was on one of my occasional pilgrimages to Cambridge that I stumbled upon it. As one who has taken an unnatural interest in this subject over the years, I found it unsurprising that enough material existed out there to fill a book on the Monty Hall problem, but Rosenhouse is to be commended for having taken the t...

The existence of Sunan Giri's grave in Gresik Regency is a blessing for the surrounding community. community's economy lifted and various products are marketed. tourists addition to pilgrimages usually also buy souvenirs form food or non-food. COVID-19 pandemic Enforcement Restrictions on Community Activities have caused tourist attractions be closed, including religious site cemetary. Business...

Yearning for children and the heartbreak of barrenness have been a part of life since the beginning of mankind, chronicled throughout history by religious accounts, myths, legends, art, and literature. Whether driven by biological drive, social necessity, or psychological longing, the pursuit of a child or children has compelled men and women to seek a variety of remedies, sometimes even extrem...

O ne of the more intense areas of research in lung disease in the past 40 years has been the investigation of mechanisms of lung parenchymal destruction by in vivo enzymatic proteolytic enzymes causing pulmonary emphysema and COPD. How this direction of research evolved is worth recounting because it illustrates how quite different experimental approaches done in different parts of the world at...

remains a much-feared complication of anesthesia. Anesthesiologists commonly refer to patients as being at ‘high risk’ of pulmonary aspiration. Risk means that an unpleasant or dangerous outcome may occur. The frequency of that outcome quantifies the risk. We accept assumptions about ‘risk factors’ that will reduce or increase that frequency, while giving little attention to the evidence. We ta...