In the 19th century, the concept of experimental physiology originated in France with Claude Bernard, evolved in Germany stimulated by the teaching of Carl Ludwig, and later spread to Britain and then to the United States. The goal was to develop a physicochemical understanding of physiological phenomena. The first International Physiological Congress occurred in 1889 in Switzerland with an emp...

A13 Interactions of peripheral and central μ opioid systems during emotional stress Valentina Bashkatova, Helmut Prast, Alexei Umriukhin and Sergey Sudakov Department of Reinforcement Physiology, P.K. Anokhin Research Institute of Normal Physiology RAMS, 125315 Moscow, Russia Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria Department of Addictive Phys...

Department of Veterinary Sciences, Baft Branch, Islamic Azad University, Baft, Iran, Cardiovascular Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran, 4 Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacolo...

Departments of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology and Internal Medicine, and the Center for Diabetes & Cardiovascular Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, and the Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia; and Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University Sc...

[1] This study was supported by the Commission of Scientific Research Projects of Ondokuz Mayis University (Project No: VET-018) and the results of the study were presented at the 6th International Congress of Turkish Society of Toxicology in Antalya, Turkey on November 2-5, 2006. * Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, TR-55139 Sam...

results among a total of 152 subjects, 82.9% were female and their mean age was 22.57 ± 1.55 years. according to the students, instructors had the weakest performance in the three items of teaching pharmacology and medication management based on the students’ learning needs, teaching medication management through a patient-centered method and teaching pharmacology and medication management base...