Races may exist in humans in a cultural sense, but biological concepts of race are needed to access their reality in a non-species-specific manner and to see if cultural categories correspond to biological categories within humans. Modern biological concepts of race can be implemented objectively with molecular genetic data through hypothesis-testing. Genetic data sets are used to see if biolog...

We consider a firm moving towards a stochastic final destination, to be chosen from a discrete set after a decision period. The decision period itself may be deterministic or stochastic. We assume the firm can move at variable innovation (R&D) speed associated with a monotone nondecreasing variable cost, and it can also stop and move anywhere. There is a fixed cost per time unit "carried" by th...

Data races can significantly affect the executions of multi-threaded programs. Hence, one has to recur the results of data races to deterministically replay a multi-threaded program. However, data races are concealed in enormous number of memory operations in a program. Due to the difficulty of accurately identifying data races, previous multi-threaded deterministic record/replay schemes for co...

Examples of genes governing behavioral isolation are scarce. Here we report that a regulatory mutation in desaturase 2, known to determine a pheromonal polymorphism in Drosophila melanogaster females, may be such an example. This mutation is strongly correlated with the mating pattern between the Zimbabwe and cosmopolitan races of this species. These two behavioral races appear to be at the inc...

An unusual chromosomal hybrid zone of the house mouse, Mus musculus domesticus, exists in Upper Valtellina, Northern Italy, consisting of four Robertsonian (Rb) races and the standard (all-acrocentric, or 2n = 40) race, all hybridizing freely within 10 km2. The hybrid zone in Valtellina provides an excellent opportunity to study the role of Rb fusions in reproductive isolation and speciation. T...

In this paper we show that data races, a type of bug that generally only causes havoc in parallel programs, can also occur in sequential programs that use signal handlers. Fortunately, it turns out that adapting existing data race detectors to detect such bugs for sequential programs is straightforward. We present such a tool, and we describe the modifications that were necessary to detect data...