the present experiment was undertaken to study the effect of different dosages of β-glucan on the growth, survival and physiological responses in juvenile striped catfish ( pangasianodon hypophthalmus ). over nine weeks of feeding fish with a diet containing 0, 0.5, 1 and 2% β-glucan (as control, g1, g2 and g3 group, respectively), some blood parameters such as serum lysozyme activity, total pr...

introduction: post operative pain is an unpleasant experience following various stimuli resulting in a response by the body. this process causes physiological disturbances in all of the systems of the body. methods and materials: in this clinical trial , 60 upper abdominal surgery patients were selected post operatively and divided into two groups of 30 patients each. in one group, bupivacaine ...

football participation requires considerable utilization of both aerobic and anaerobic energy systems to match the high energetic demands of the sport. the consequent stresses imposed on the physiological and metabolic systems carries players to the threshold of exhaustion during match-play, from which they are required to recover in preparation for the subsequent game. a high number of players...

Parents' ability to regulate their emotions is essential to providing supportive caregiving behaviours when their child is in pain. Extant research focuses on parent self-reported experience or observable behavioural responses. Physiological responding, such as heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV), is critical to the experience and regulation of emotions and provides a complementary...

Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) institutions provide a variety of benefits to visitors. However, one area that has received little study is the direct human health benefits from zoo and aquarium visits. With the increase in stress related non-infectious diseases in industrialized countries, understanding the extent of these benefits is important. We studied the effects on visitor stress...

Social groups are structured by the decisions of their members. Social insects typically divide labour: some decide to stay in the nest while others forage for the colony. Two sources of information individuals may use when deciding whether to forage are their own experience of recent task performance and their own physiology, e.g. fat reserves (corpulence). The former is primarily personal inf...

Physiological theories may be important in the development and maintenance of social phobia in youth. A limited literature base indicates that youth with social phobia experience increases in objective physiological arousal during social-evaluative situations and are more aware of such increases compared to nonanxious youth. Recent research suggests that youth with social phobia also evidence h...

Game reviews are used by game developers for making business decisions and measuring the success of a title, and have been shown to affect player perception of game quality. We conducted a study where players read positive or negative reviews of a game before playing, and show that the valence of review text affected game ratings and that these differences could not be explained by mediating ch...

Do decisions from description and from experience trigger different cognitive processes? We investigated this general question using cognitive modeling, eye-tracking, and physiological arousal measures. Three novel findings indeed suggest qualitatively different processes between the two types of decisions. First, comparative modeling indicates that evidence-accumulation models assuming averagi...

What is it like for you to be you? This question has long fascinated philosophers and has sparked many heated discussions. At the first conference Towards a Science of Consciousness in 1994 in Tucson, Arizona, philosopher David Chalmers coined the Easy and Hard Problems of Consciousness. While the Easy Problem concerns the mechanics of nerves and the brain, the Hard Problem is concerned with is...