Phylogenetic analysis of bacteria preserved within an ice wedge from the Fox permafrost tunnel was undertaken by cultivation and molecular techniques. The radiocarbon age of the ice wedge was determined. Our results suggest that the bacteria in the ice wedge adapted to the frozen conditions have survived for 25,000 years.

The wedge and left atrial pressures were compared in 1'2 subjects with congenital and aequired heart disease; all experiments were carried out with closed chest under basal conditions. A poor correlation between the wedge and left atrial pressures was mnoted in over half the patients. The wedge pressure is especially inaccurate in mitral stenosis with marked elevations in left atrial pressure.

BACKGROUND/AIMS The stepped-wedge cluster randomised trial design has received substantial attention in recent years. Although various extensions to the original design have been proposed, no guidance is available on the design of stepped-wedge cluster randomised trials with interim analyses. In an individually randomised trial setting, group sequential methods can provide notable efficiency ga...

BACKGROUND High tibial osteotomy is a common procedure to treat symptomatic osteoarthritis of the medial compartment of the knee with varus alignment. This is achieved by overcorrecting the varus alignment to 2-6° of valgus. Various high tibial osteotomy techniques are currently used to this end. Common procedures are medial opening wedge and lateral closing wedge tibial osteotomies. The latera...

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To determine if changes in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure could be determined from the pulmonary blood volume (PBV) ratio response on exercise-gated blood pool images, 42 patients had simultaneous exercise-gated blood pool imaging and hemodynamic monitoring during cardiac catheterization. Nine patients were normal and 33 patients had cardiac disease. Changes in the PBV ratio were determined...

A prospective, randomised, controlled trial compared two different techniques of high tibial osteotomy with a lateral closing wedge or a medial opening wedge, stabilised by a Puddu plate. The clinical outcome and radiological results were examined at one year. The primary outcome measure was the achievement of an overcorrection of valgus of 4 degrees . Secondary outcome measures were the severi...

BACKGROUND Previous reviews have focussed on the rationale for employing the stepped wedge design (SWD), the areas of research to which the design has been applied and the general characteristics of the design. However these did not focus on the statistical methods nor addressed the appropriateness of sample size methods used.This was a review of the literature of the statistical methodology us...