Interest in the regulation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) has increased substantially in recent years largely because of an apparent link between mTOR and survival signals in human cancer cells. Much has been learned about the regulation of mTOR in response to survival signals generated by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). However, another mechanism for regulating mTOR has been...

BACKGROUND Lipid molecules may play a regulatory role in the secretory pathway of mammals and yeast. The lipid hydrolase phospholipase D (PLD) is one candidate for mediating regulation of secretion, based on the location of this enzyme and its requirements for activation. RESULTS We found that primary alcohols, which block formation of phosphatidic acid (PA) by PLD, inhibited the transport of...

The 5-HT2A receptor (5-HT2AR) is implicated in psychotropic changes within the central nervous system (CNS). A number of polymorphisms have been reported in the 5-HT2AR gene; one of these results in a non-synonymous change, H452Y, in the carboxy-terminal tail of the receptor protein. The minor allele (9% occurrence) has been statistically associated with CNS dysfunction such as impaired memory ...

Most types of plant phospholipase D (PLD) require Ca(2+) for activity, but how Ca(2+) affects PLD activity is not well understood. We reported previously that Ca(2+) binds to the regulatory C2 domain that occurs in the N terminus of the Ca(2+)-requiring PLDs. Using Arabidopsis thaliana PLDbeta and C2-deleted PLDbeta (PLDbetacat), we now show that Ca(2+) also interacts with the catalytic regions...

The signaling enzyme phospholipase D (PLD) and the lipid second messenger it generates, phosphatidic acid (PA), are implicated in many cell biological processes, including Ras activation, cell spreading, stress fiber formation, chemotaxis, and membrane vesicle trafficking. PLD production of PA is inhibited by the primary alcohol 1-butanol, which has thus been widely employed to identify PLD/PA-...

Phospholipase D (PLD) is a phospholipid hydrolyzing enzyme whose activation has been implicated in mediating signal transduction pathways, cell growth, and membrane trafficking in mammalian cells. Several laboratories have demonstrated that small GTP-binding proteins including ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF) can stimulate PLD activity in vitro and an ARF-activated PLD activity has been found in G...

Many proteins are anchored to the cell membrane by glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI). One of the functions proposed for the GPI anchor is as a possible mediator in signal transduction through its hydrolysis. GPI-specific phospholipase D (GPI-PLD) is a secretory protein that is suggested to be involved in the release of GPI-anchored protein from the membrane. In the present study we examined ho...

Receptor-directed agonists including N-formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMetLeuPhe), C5a, ATP and UTP all activate phospholipase D (PLD), which is accompanied by secretion in differentiated HL60 cells. Interference in the production of phosphatidase (PA) by the PLD pathway by diverting it towards the production of phosphatidylethanol (PEt) in the presence of ethanol leads to near-total inh...

As a natural phospholipid, phosphatidylserine (PS) plays key role in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. Recently, substantial attention has been focused on phospholipase D (PLD)-mediated synthesis of PS. However, application free PLD is usually limited by high cost, poor reusability, low stability. In this study, from Streptomyces antibiotics (saPLD) was efficiently immobilized ...

In higher plants, copper ions, hydrogen peroxide, and cycloheximide have been recognized as very effective inducers of the transcriptional activity of genes encoding the enzymes of the ethylene biosynthesis pathway. In this report, the transcriptional patterns of genes encoding the 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthases (ACSs), 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidases (ACOs), ETR1, ETR2,...