According to the structural‐function hypothesis, eggshell pigment protoporphyrin, deposited at weak spots, can strengthen shell structure when calcium is lacking in avian species. However, this hypothesis has not been tested species that produce pigmented eggs of uniform ground colour without spotting patterns. We using 435 produced on seven diets (0.2–4.5%) given Common Pheasants Phasianus col...

Abstract Taiwan accommodates more than 600 avian species, including about 30 endemic ones. As yet, however, no fossil birds have been scientifically documented from Taiwan, so that the evolutionary origins of this diversified avifauna remain elusive. Here we report on very first bird Taiwan. This Pleistocene specimen, a distal end left tarsometatarsus, shows diagnostic features galliform Phasia...

The survival of captive-reared pheasants in the wild depends primarily on their ability to avoid predators, therefore, need maintain innate anti-predatory behaviour. aim this study was assess effects age and disturbance tonic immobility (TI) ( Phasianus colchicus ) kept a commercial rearing facility. TI tests were performed aged 8, 10, 12, 14 16 weeks. Randomly selected same tested either immed...

Toll-like receptors 3 and 7 (TLR3 7) mediate immune responses through the recognition of viral single-stranded RNA double-stranded therefore play important roles in host defense. Differences TLR3 or may affect resistance to infection. To illuminate these differences, partial coding sequence (CDS) genes were cloned amplified from Phasianus colchicus Numida meleagris, total 64 avian species seque...

Memories about the spatial environment, such as locations of foraging patches, are expected to affect how individuals move around landscape. However, differ in ability remember (spatial cognitive ability) and evidence is growing that these inter-individual differences influence a range fitness proxies. Yet empirical evaluations directly linking variation development structure movement paths lac...