Nearly 80% of women going through menopause experience some kind of clinical symptom and in 40% of cases the symptoms are sufficiently intense to lead the patient to seek medical assistance. The most common symptoms are vasomotor instability, nervousness, anxiety, irritability, depression and insomnia, all significantly detrimental to well-being. Insomnia is highly prevalent and affects between...

The following Consensus Statement is endorsed by The American Society for Reproductive Medicine, The Asia Pacific Menopause Federation, The Endocrine Society, The European Menopause and Andropause Society, The International Menopause Society, The International Osteoporosis Foundation and The North American Menopause Society.

background:   objective: to determine knowledge of hormone therapy (ht), reproductive physiology, and menopause in a population of 40-60 year old women.   materials and methods: this cross-sectional study was conducted through a cluster sampling among 330 women in yazd, islamic republic of iran, in 2010. data was collected using a questionnaire containing questions about reproductive physiology...

More than half of persons living with HIV infection in the United States (U.S.) will be ≥50 years of age by 2020, including postmenopausal women. We conducted a systematic literature review about the effects of (1) HIV infection on age at menopause and (2) menopause on antiretroviral therapy (ART) response, in order to inform optimal treatment strategies for menopausal women living with HIV inf...

BACKGROUND AND METHODOLOGY Late 'age at menopause' is a recognised risk factor for postmenopausal breast cancer and is also associated with decreased use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT). When investigating the association between HRT use and breast cancer risk it is therefore necessary to adjust for the potential confounder, 'age at menopause'. 'Age at menopause', however, cannot be determ...

Introduction: Menopause a critical phase in women life, is defined as last menses and can be declared after 12 months of amenorrhea. Menopause is accompanied by several distressing symptoms that burden patient`s quality of life. Moreover menopause is associated with several cardiovascular and bone complications. Cardiovascular complications are also major cause of mortality among women. Intensi...

Osteoporosis is almost universal in very old age, and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the elderly of both sexes. Bone is lost at a rate of 0.2-0.5 %/year in both men and women after the age of 40-45 years. The causes of age-related changes in bone mass are multifactorial and include genetic predisposition, nutritional factors, endocrine changes, habitual exercise levels and body ...

Introduction: Although international clinical practice guidelines recognize a continued role for menopausal hormone therapy (HT), particularly symptomatic women <60 years of age or within 10 menopause, safety and tolerability concerns have discouraged HT use due to potential links with perceived increased risk hormone-dependent cancers, an established stroke venous thromboembolism. There is the...

BACKGROUND Hot flushes (HFs) and night sweats are frequent complaints among both peri- and postmenopausal women. Perceived control of this complaint may vary from one population to another. OBJECTIVE To assess perceived control over menopausal HFs and determinant factors among mid-aged Ecuadorian women. METHODS In this cross-sectional study healthy women aged 40-59 years, seeking healthcare...

OBJECTIVE This article reviews hormonal strategies used to treat headaches attributed to the menstrual cycle or to peri- or postmenopausal estrogen fluctuations. These may occur as a result of natural ovarian cycles, or in response to the withdrawal of exogenously administered estrogen. BACKGROUND A wide variety of evidence indicates that cyclic ovarian sex steroid production affects the clin...