Using a large representative database (12,902 matches from the top professional football league in Germany), I show that the number (441) of two-penalty matches is larger than expected by chance, and that among these 441 matches there are considerably more matches in which each team is awarded one penalty than would be expected on the basis of independent penalty kick decisions (odds ratio = 11...

Constrained optimization via the Genetic Algorithm (GA) is often a challenging endeavor, as the GA is most directly suited to unconstrained optimization. Traditionally, external penalty functions have been used to convert a constrained optimization problem into an unconstrained problem for GA-based optimization. This approach requires the somewhat arbitrary selection of penalty draw-down coeffi...

In this paper an exact penalty line search is introduced for solving constrained nonlinear programing. By this method it is possible to solve some problems with combining penalty method and SQP method, and in any iteration for producing new stepone can uses linear search and solves unconstrained optimization by exact penalty function. In this method a linear programming subproblem with trust ar...

In this paper, we give a smoothing approximation to the lower order exact penalty functions for inequality-constrained optimization problems. Error estimations are obtained among the optimal objective function values of the smoothed penalty problem, of the nonsmooth penalty problem and of the original optimization problem. An algorithm based on the smoothed penalty function is presented, which ...

First, this paper introduces a notion of a sharp penalty mapping which can replace more common exact penalty function for convex feasibility problems. Second, it uses it for solution of variational inequalities with monotone operators or pseudo-varitional inequalities with oriented operators. Appropriately scaled the sharp penalty mapping can be used as an exact penalty in variational inequalit...

A class of penalty functions for use in estimation and image regularization is proposed. These penalty functions are defined for vectors whose indexes are locations in a finite lattice as the discrepancy between the vector and a shifted version of itself. After motivating this class of penalty functions, their relationship to Markov random field priors is explored. One of the penalty functions ...

This paper investigates behavior in the Traveler’s Dilemma game and isolates deviations from textbook predictions caused by differences in welfare perceptions and strategic miscalculations. It presents the results of an experimental analysis based on a 2x2 design where the own and the other subject’s bonus-penalty parameters are changed independently. We find that the change in own bonus-penalt...

Definition: A system of punishment involving the execution of individuals convicted of a capital crime.

This paper discusses a new roughness penalty for use in estimation problems including image estimation problems. It is one of a new class of penalty functions for use in estimation and image regularization that has recently been proposed. These functions penalize the discrepancy between an image and a shifted version of itself; here the discrepancy measure is the I-divergence. This penalty is c...

In well-controlled lab situations, marginal displacements of the goalkeeper on the goal line affect goal side selection of penalty takers implicitly, that is, without the penalty takers being consciously aware of the displacement. Whether this effect is retained in more representative real-life situations with competing goalkeepers and penalty takers has not been verified. In the current study,...