P of the attraction of ecology and its related intellectual challenges is its dynamic complexity. Darwin’s (1) entangled bank metaphor captured the essence; it wasn’t just that everything was connected to everything else but rather that specific relationships mattered. Darwin found that mowed turf contained approximately twice as many species as unmowed turf; a logical chain of influence was ar...

routinely used in Alaska in the 1950s to control the harbor seal (Phoca Introduction Both intentional and accidental mortality of wild marine mammals and birds in association with underwater explosions have been documented in several studies. Anderson et al. (1954) provided details of the dynamite depth charges that were vitulina) population during the salmon fishing season. Hi-Velocity Gelatin...

introductionenvironmental pollution, especially marine pollution, is one of the complex and minatory problems that human is facing at the present time. many of human activities have irrecoverable outcomes and affect the marine environment in such a way that destruction of marine zones has become a significant warning. one of the most important ecosystems in iran is hara biosphere reserve, locat...

introduction environmental pollution specially sea  pollution is one of the complex and minatory problems‚ human faced with these days. many of human activities have irrecoverable outcomes and effects on marine environment in a way that destruction of marine zones becomes a threat. sea was one of the important sources with special advantages for mankind in all the times and still is, so protect...

Complex animal societies are most successful if members minimise harms caused to one another and if collaboration occurs. In order to promote this, a moral structure inevitably develops. Hence morality has evolved in humans and in many other species. The attitudes which people have towards other humans and individuals of other species are greatly affected by this biologically–based morality. Th...

A framework theory, organized around the principle of relevance, is proposed for category-based reasoning. According to the relevance principle, people assume that the premises are informative with respect to the conclusions. This idea leads to the prediction that people will use causal scenarios and property reinforcement strategies in inductive reasoning. These predictions are contrasted with...

A key issue in models of lexical production is whether a model of hearer knowledge influences speakers’ productions. In this study we investigate whether the durational shortening of repeated words is a consequence of mutual knowledge, or if it is a byproduct of speaker internal processes. In a study of spontaneously produced narrations, in Experiment 1 we demonstrated that repeated words are s...