Using data from 68 countries on over 8 million respondents forty years we show union membership peaks in midlife – usually around workers’ late 40s or early 50s. In doing so extend Blanchflower’s (2007) earlier study, incorporating a further 39 and another decade of data. We also found it every US state the District Columbia as well across industries. The fact that this relationship exist...

Abstract Peaks-over-threshold analysis using the generalised Pareto distribution is widely applied in modelling tails of univariate random variables, but much information may be lost when complex extreme events are studied results. In this paper, we extend peaks-over-threshold to extremes functional data. Threshold exceedances defined a r modelled by r-Pareto process, generalisation that covers...

Quantifying the spatial extent, location and habitat associations of invasive tree species is critical to predict their future spread prioritise areas for management. Species–environment relationship analyses are useful tools understanding predicting potential geographical distribution these species; however, such require rigorous extensive data about presence and, crucially, area surveyed. Her...

We discuss methods currently in use for determining the significance of peaks in the periodograms of time series. We discuss some general methods for constructing significance tests, false alarm probability functions, and the role played in these by independent random variables and by empirical and theoretical cumulative distribution functions. We also discuss the concept of “independent freque...

Record high peaks in PCB concentrations in the Arctic atmosphere due to long-range transport of biomass burning emissions S. Eckhardt, K. Breivik, S. Manø, and A. Stohl Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, Norway University of Oslo, Department for Chemistry, Oslo, Norway Received: 5 April 2007 – Accepted: 27 April 2007 – Published: 10 May 2007 Correspondence to: S. Eckhardt ([email protected])

We examine how the qualitative structure of the Doppler peaks in the angular power spectrum of the cosmic microwave anisotropy depends on the fundamental nature of the perturbations which produced them. The formalism of Hu and Sugiyama is extended to treat models with cosmic defects. We discuss how perturbations can be \active" or \passive" and \incoherent" or \coherent", and show how causality...

A considerable experimental effort is underway to detect the ‘Doppler peaks’ in the angular power spectrum of the cosmic microwave anisotropy. These peaks offer unique information about structure formation in the universe. One key issue is whether structure could have formed by the action of causal physics within the standard hot big bang, or whether a prior period of inflation was required. Re...

Public Closed Circuit TeleVision (CCTV) initiatives have been utilized as methods of monitoring public space for over two decades. Evaluations of these efforts to reduce crime have been mixed. Furthermore, there has been a paucity of rigorous evaluations of cameras located in the USA. In this analysis, crime in the viewshed of publicly funded CCTV cameras in Philadelphia, PA, is examined using ...