The conventional view of Africa’s political parties holds that they are organizationally weak, with little presence at the grass roots. Yet, few studies based on systematically collected data about more than a handful or countries any given point. In this paper, we attempt to remedy situation, by focusing one crucial aspect party organization – local enables engage and mobilize voters during be...

The strategic use of first-party content by two-sided platforms is driven by two key factors: the nature of buyer and seller expectations (favorable vs. unfavorable) and the nature of the relationship between first-party content and third-party content (complements or substitutes). As a result, first-party content is a strategic instrument that plays a dual role. On the one hand, it enables pla...

While a number of protocols for password-only authenticated key exchange (PAKE) in the 3-party setting have been proposed, it still remains a challenging task to prove the security of a 3-party PAKE protocol against insider dictionary attacks. To the best of our knowledge, there is no 3-party PAKE protocol that carries a formal proof, or even definition, of security against insider dictionary a...

Communicated by (xxxxxxxxxx) Gaussian states — or, more generally, Gaussian operators — play an important role in Quantum Optics and Quantum Information Science, both in discussions about conceptual issues and in practical applications. We describe, in a tutorial manner, a systematic operator method for first characterizing such states and then investigating their properties. The central numeri...