despite many researchers conducted on electronic commerce, few studies have been performed in the field of internet businesses (ibs) with no up-to-date and applicable law. as a result, using library and field study, in one section we state the general rules and regulations governing all ibs, and in the other section we survey appropriative rules and regulations governing every model of ib. prov...

In this paper we propose a novel Fair Gradual Secrete Release (GSR) protocol for E-contract signing against earnest money between an originator and a responder involving their banks as transacting parties. We provide a security analysis of the protocol and analyze some important and pertinent properties of the protocol, which include money atomicity, validated contract and the fairness in true ...

Contract signing is a practical application of the fair exchange of digital signatures. This application used to be realized by directly adopting the results of the fair exchange of signatures, which do not completely meet the requirements of the signing of a secret contract. The assistance of a trusted third party (TTP) and some cryptographic technology are required to allow two parties to exc...

Simultaneous contract signing is a two-party cryptographic protocol: two mutually suspicious parties wish to exchange signatures on a contract. We propose novel and efficient protocol for contract signing based on a construction by Even, Goldreich, and Lempel. We focus on the reduction of on-line computational complexity of the protocol. A significant part of the most time-consuming operations ...

a unique arrangement of option contract -commitment to sell or buy by one of the parties and create some rights for the other party- has led this arrangement cannot be found similarly in the various contracts mentioned in the civil or sharia law. on the other hand approval of securities market act of the islamic republic of iran has provided legal environment for the design and issuance of opti...

Service Contract for carrying out cost-benefit analysis of air quality related issues, in particular in the clean air for Europe (CAFE) programme Confidentiality, copyright and reproduction This document has been prepared by AEA Technology plc in connection with a contract to supply goods and/or services and is submitted only on the basis of strict confidentiality. The contents must not be disc...

This paper proposes a double-sided flexibility in adjusting the lease price as an alternative, more accessible tool for managing revenues or controlling costs in volatile markets. The double-sided flexibility addresses the dilemma of allowing only one party of a lease contract to have the price adjustment flexibility while both parties want it. Although the proposed clause grants both contract ...