the handmade subterranean architectural structure is a special kind of architecture that is in its creation does not require any construction materials but it needs many efforts and hard working to be produced the different types of this kind are visible in the different parts of iran. a unique collection of this type of architecture is the troglodytic architectural complex of samen, located ab...

moreover, inscribed bricks of two elamite kings, šutruk-nahhunte and his son, kutir-nahhunte, were also found that all of them referring to construction and repairs of a temple devoted to the manzat goddess. in 2000, surface surveys on deh nou mound was done by by one of us (b. mofidi). according to the results of these surveys and geophysical measurements which were accomplished in parts of th...

The early Sasanian period witnessed a variety of religious beliefs in competition. clash between Kirdīr and Mani represents just an episode the triumph Mazdean church over Manichaeism, as well other formations listed Kirdīr’s inscriptions. Persian Zoroastrianism constituted stronghold power hegemony at heart Empire. Yet, peripheral Eastern Iran Central Asia featured aspects regional Mazdeism, s...

always on kingdom history of the world a king without a crown is unconceivable. the persian kings were not exception of this rule. iranian ancient kings crown as one of the aspects of the monarchy and power, the image of king while makes he distinguishes from other persons is visible in various artistic works. one of the important artistic works that image of iran’s kings with their power symbo...

plant remains from archaeological sites reflect many aspects of the relationship between people, plants, and the environmentin which they lived. plant macroremains—seeds and wood that are visible without a microscope—can address a widerange of questions. the most basic include what crops were grown? what was used for fuel? do any of the plants comefrom distant lands? examples from fourth and th...