Parkinson disease is one of the neurodegenetive disease with a prevalence of about 1% in people older than 65.from a pathological point of view,degeneration of neuromelanin cells in pars compacta of substantia nigra has been established.the reason of degeneration is unknouwn.increase in iron concentration in substantia of parkinson,s patients has been established.the  increase of iron in this p...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Standard neuroimaging fails in defining the anatomy of the substantia nigra and has a marginal role in the diagnosis of Parkinson disease. Recently 7T MR target imaging of the substantia nigra has been useful in diagnosing Parkinson disease. We performed a comparative study to evaluate whether susceptibility-weighted angiography can diagnose Parkinson disease with a 3T sc...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The involvement of subcortical deep gray matter and cortical thinning associated with mild Parkinson disease remains poorly understood. We assessed cortical thickness and subcortical volumes in patients with Parkinson disease without dementia and evaluated their associations with cognitive dysfunction. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study included 90 patients with mild Parki...

normal 0 false false false en-us x-none ar-sa background: t he study on transcranial sonocraphy (tcs) as a diagnostic test for parkinson’s disease (pd) has been neglected in some hospitals. the current study was conducted as the first study to investigate the utility of tcs for diagnosis of pd and its ability to distinguish pd from essential tremor (et) in an iranian population. materials and m...

BACKGROUND Sex differences in Parkinson disease clinical features have been reported, but few studies have examined sex influences on use of dopaminergic medication in early Parkinson disease. The objective of this study was to test if there are differences in the type of dopaminergic medication used and levodopa equivalent daily dose between men and women with early Parkinson disease enrolled ...

BACKGROUND Olfactory impairment is increasingly recognized as an early symptom in the development of Parkinson's disease. Testing olfactory function is a non-invasive method but can be time-consuming which restricts its application in clinical settings and epidemiological studies. Here, we investigate odor identification as a supportive diagnostic tool for Parkinson's disease and estimate the p...

BACKGROUND Effective treatment of locomotor dysfunction in Parkinson disease (PD) is essential, as gait difficulty is an early and major contributor to disability. Exercise is recommended as an adjunct to traditional treatments for improving gait, balance, and quality of life. Among the exercise approaches known to improve walking, tango and treadmill training have recently emerged as two promi...